Rapid assessment of soil compaction damage II. Relationships between the SOILpak score, strength and aeration measurements, clod shrinkage parameters, and image analysis data on a Vertisol

Soil Research ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. McKenzie
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Rapid Assessment ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Mechanical Impedance ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Image Analysis System ◽  
Cotton Production

Compacted and well-structured sites, on a Vertisol used for irrigated cotton production, were compared using a range of procedures for assessing soil structural form. The techniques considered were: visual/ tactile assessment using the SOILpak score, shear strength, penetration resistance, core bulk density and air-filled porosity, clod shrinkage analysis, and image analysis. All of the methods under consideration distinguished compacted soil from well-structured soil, including core bulk density, which had previously been thought of as a poor measure of soil structure in Vertisols. The simple SOILpak scoring procedure was shown to have great potential as a tool for land managers. Soil factors known to directly affect root growth, mechanical impedance and aeration, correlated well with the indirect procedures. The cheaper methods (SOILpak score and core bulk density determination) related most strongly to shear strength at the reference water content (plastic limit). The SOILpak score was more strongly related to air-filled porosity than clod shrinkage analysis or image analysis; shear strength had the same predictive power as the SOILpak score for estimating air-filled porosity. However, an advantage of using resin-impregnated soil monoliths and the SOLICON image analysis system is that the samples are big enough to represent a large proportion of the root-zone. Staining of the soil with a Rhodamine dye solution provided images that were too coarse for the routine determination of SOLICON parameters, but it is a useful and rapid procedure for highlighting those macropores that are connected with the soil surface. Clod shrinkage parameters underestimated soil air-filled porosity where compacted aggregates were interspersed with finely aggregated soil.

Impact of Intensive Forest Management Practices on the Bulk Density of Lower Coastal Plain and Piedmont Soils

1985 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Gent ◽  
R. Ballard
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Mechanical Impedance ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Intensive Forest Management ◽  
Lower Coastal Plain

Abstract Trafficking during harvesting significantly increased soil bulk density to depths of 3 to 6 inches in areas outside of primary skid trails and 9 to 12 inches in primary skid trails. On the Coastal Plain site, bedding was effective in offsetting soil compaction in areas outside of primary skid trails, forming a new soil surface, 7 to 8 inches in height, over the surface trafficked during harvest. Bedding may not be so effective in the skid trails, because the original soil surface under the bed was so compacted that root growth may be inhibited. On the Piedmont site, disking was effective in restoring bulk density to preharvest levels in the upper 3 to 5 inches of soil, but soil compaction in the upper 3 to 9 inches of drum-chopped areas may result in reduced root growth, because of mechanical impedance.

scholarly journals An analysis of the physical condition of two intensively grazed Southland soils

1992 ◽  
pp. 71-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.R. Greenwood ◽  
R.M. Mcnamara
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Mechanical Impedance ◽  
Air Permeability ◽  
Winter Grazing ◽  
Intensively Managed ◽  
Physical Degradation ◽  
Soil Compactness

The treading effects of high-density winter grazing of sheep associated with all-grass wintering systems in Southland were studied for evidence of resultant soil physical degradation. Typical examples of Pukemutu (YGE) and Waikiwi (YBE) soils, extensive areas of which have been intensively managed in Southland for many years, were selected for assessments of mechanical impedance, bulk density, porosity, air permeability, and hydraulic conductivity. The results showed that intensive winter grazing in this environment resulted in significant losses of large soil macropores. As a result, the transmission of water through the root-zone was significantly restricted. After rain, this can lead to waterlogging and soil oxygen deficiencies. Probably as a result of cumulative soil damage over several winters, soil had become more compacted to nearly the full depth of the A horizon. Natural ameliorative processes may therefore be too slow to overcome fully the effects of treading. Measurements of mechanical impedance and bulk density, while widely used, proved inappropriate for examination of the effects of treading. Both are insensitive to small, but important, changes in soil porosity. Air permeability and hydraulic conductivity were good indicators of relative degrees of soil compactness of the sites examined. Both are sensitive to small changes in effective macroporosity, and are useful measurements to diagnose soil structural damage. Keywords all-grass wintering, Southland, sheep, treading damage, soil physical degradation

scholarly journals Non-destructive image analysis of soil surface porosity and bulk density dynamics

2011 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 561-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.F. Pires ◽  
F.A.M. Cássaro ◽  
O.O.S. Bacchi ◽  
K. Reichardt
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Surface Porosity ◽  
Density Dynamics ◽  
Non Destructive

An image analysis system for determining densitometric and ring-width time series

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 1544-1549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy D. Thetford ◽  
Rosanne D. D'Arrigo ◽  
Gordon C. Jacoby
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Image Analysis ◽  
Tree Ring ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Image Analysis System ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Image Analysis Method ◽  
Angle Variation ◽  
Analysis System

A new interactive image analysis method for determining tree-ring density and width data for dendrochronological studies is described. The method employs the Prism Image Analysis System (from Dapple Systems, Inc.) for Apple Macintosh microcomputers and uses additional FORTRAN software (program MACDRUID) developed for tree-ring applications. The principal advantages of this system are (i) interactive image analysis, which substitutes computer software for the complex scanning densitometer operations used in previous systems and (ii) high resolution, which is necessary for processing the narrow-ringed, stressed trees often sampled in dendroclimatology. Other advantages are real-time editing, ease of adjustment for angle variation of ring boundaries, and the ability to append individual frame data into homogeneous time series. Comparisons of ring-width and density data determined by this image analysis system with similar measurements derived from other methods indicate that the image analysis data are of equal precision and quality for use in dendrochronological studies. In addition to applications in the fields of dendrochronology and wood science, this image analysis method is applicable for analyzing variations in cyclical banding in other types of geological samples, such as sediment laminae (e.g., varves) and corals.

Biodegradable polyester neuroprostheses promote the reconnection of separated peripheral nerve stubs

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1094-1095
Author(s):  
Beverly L. Giammara ◽  
Jennifer S. Stevenson ◽  
Peggy E. Yates ◽  
Robert H. Gunderson ◽  
Jacob S. Hanker
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Type Iii Collagen ◽  
Image Analysis System ◽  
Biodegradable Polyester ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Type Iv

An 11mm length of sciatic nerve was removed from 10 anesthetized adult rats and replaced by a biodegradable polyester Vicryl™ mesh sleeve which was then injected with the basement membrane gel, Matrigel™. It was noted that leg sensation and movement were much improved after 30 to 45 days and upon sacrifice nerve reconnection was noted in all animals. Epoxy sections of the repaired nerves were compared with those of the excised segments by the use of a variation of the PAS reaction, the PATS reaction, developed in our laboratories for light and electron microscopy. This microwave-accelerated technique employs periodic acid, thiocarbohydrazide and silver methenamine. It stains basement membrane or Type IV collagen brown and type III collagen (reticulin), axons, Schwann cells, endoneurium and perineurium black. Epoxy sections of repaired and excised nerves were also compared by toluidine blue (tb) staining. Comparison of the sections of control and repaired nerves was done by computer-assisted microscopic image analysis using an Olympus CUE-2 Image Analysis System.

Chemical Classification and Particle Sizing of Foundry Sands

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 388-389
Author(s):  
D.S. DeMiglio
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Energy Dispersive Spectrometer ◽  
Image Analysis System ◽  
Representative Sampling ◽  
Foundry Sands ◽  
Large Atomic Number ◽  
Backscattered Electron ◽  
Sand Particles ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Reclamation System

Much progress has been made in recent years towards the development of closed-loop foundry sand reclamation systems. However, virtually all work to date has determined the effectiveness of these systems to remove surface clay and metal oxide scales by a qualitative inspection of a representative sampling of sand particles. In this investigation, particles from a series of foundry sands were sized and chemically classified by a Lemont image analysis system (which was interfaced with an SEM and an X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer) in order to statistically document the effectiveness of a reclamation system developed by The Pangborn Company - a subsidiary of SOHIO.The following samples were submitted: unreclaimed sand; calcined sand; calcined & mechanically scrubbed sand and unused sand. Prior to analysis, each sample was sprinkled onto a carbon mount and coated with an evaporated film of carbon. A backscattered electron photomicrograph of a field of scale-covered particles is shown in Figure 1. Due to a large atomic number difference between sand particles and the carbon mount, the backscattered electron signal was used for image analysis since it had a uniform contrast over the shape of each particle.

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