Changes in soil solution composition and aluminium speciation under legume based pastures in response to long term phosphate fertiliser applications

Soil Research ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 985 ◽  
Author(s):  
V Manoharan ◽  
P Loganathan ◽  
RL Parfitt ◽  
RW Tillman
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Phosphate Rock ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Single Superphosphate ◽  
Phosphate Fertiliser ◽  
Reactive Phosphate Rock ◽  
Subsurface Soil ◽  
Aluminium Speciation

This study describes some of the effects of 8 years of annual application of 6 types of phosphatic fertilisers on the chemical composition and aluminium (Al) speciation in soil solution extracted from a soil under pasture. Soil samples at 2 depths, 0-30 and 30-75 mm, were collected at the end of 8 years. Soil solutions were extracted by centrifuging at 12 000 RCF and analysed for Al, Na, K, Ca, Mg, F, NO3, Cl, and SO4, as well as pH and ionic strength. Soil and soil solution pH were significantly increased at both depths by application of North Carolina phosphate rock (NCPR) compared with the control. In contrast, diammonium phosphate (DAP) significantly decreased the soil and solution pH. Single superphosphate (SSP) did not have any significant effect on soil or solution pH compared with the untreated control. The surface soil (0-30 mm) solution pH was on average 0.6 of a unit higher than the subsurface soil (30-75 mm) solution pH. Total monomeric Al concentration [Al], measured by the pyrocatecol violet (PCV; 4 min) method, ranged from 1.5 to 4.8 �M in the surface soil and 2.5 to 12.2 �M in the subsurface soil. The DAP and higher rates of SSP application resulted in a large increase in total and inorganic monomeric [Al] in the soil solution extracted from the subsurface soil. Total soluble [F] ranged from 2.7 to 23.5 �M and 3.2 to 25.6 �M in the surface and subsurface soils, respectively, and was significantly increased by the application of NCPR and by higher rates of SSP. The predominant forms of inorganic monomeric Al present in the soil solution were estimated to be the non-phytotoxic Al-F complexes, AlF2+, and AlF2+. There was a marked decrease in toxic Al species (Al3+, Al(OH)2+, Al(OH)2+) in soil solution following NCPR and SSP application. This was due primarily to complexation of Al with F derived from these fertilisers forming non-toxic AI-F complexes. The results suggest that the long-term application of reactive phosphate rock such as NCPR may contribute to amelioration of soil acidity and Al toxicity under legume-based pastures. In contrast ammonium-containing phosphate fertilisers such as DAP probably decrease soil pH and increase the formation of toxic Al species in the soil solution.

scholarly journals Summary of eleven long-term field trials with 'Longlife' phosphatic fertiliser

1992 ◽  
pp. 35-40
Author(s):  
S.F. Ledgard ◽  
B.S. Thorrold ◽  
A.G. Sinclair ◽  
S.S.S. Rajan ◽  
D.C. Edmeades
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Phosphate Rock ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Triple Superphosphate ◽  
Single Superphosphate ◽  
The North ◽  
Reactive Phosphate ◽  
Reactive Phosphate Rock ◽  
Term Field

Longlife' phosphatic fertiliser is manufactured in New Zealand by mixing reactive phosphate rock (RPR) with single superphosphate (SSP) when the SSP is at an ex-den stage. Commercially produced Longlife (70:30 SSP:RPR) was evaluated in 6 field mowing trials in the North Island over 3 or4 years. Also, a 5050 (SSP:RPR) Longlife-type product was examined in 5 field trials throughout New Zealand over 5 or 6 years. Longlife was compared against SSP and/or triple superphosphate (TSP) in all trials, and RPR treatments were included in 7 trials. In all trials with commercially produced Longlife, the pasture response to Longlife tended to be less than that to SSP or TSP in the first 2 years and was significantly different (P 6.0 and/or rainfall ~800 mm/year). Keywords field trials, Longlife, phosphate, reactive phosphate rock, superphosphate

The agronomic effectiveness of reactive phosphate rocks 1. Effect of the pasture environment

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (8) ◽  
pp. 921 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. G Sale ◽  
R. J. Gilkes ◽  
M. D. A. Bolland ◽  
P. G. Simpson ◽  
D. C. Lewis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Phosphate Rock ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Triple Superphosphate ◽  
Agronomic Effectiveness ◽  
P Sorption ◽  
Reactive Phosphate ◽  
Reactive Phosphate Rock ◽  
Very High

Summary. The agronomic effectiveness of directly applied North Carolina reactive phosphate rock was determined for 4 years from annual dry matter responses at 26 permanent pasture sites across Australia as part of the National Reactive Phosphate Rock Project. Fertiliser comparisons were based on the substitution value of North Carolina reactive phosphate rock for triple superphosphate (the SV50). The SV50 was calculated from fitted response curves for both fertilisers at the 50% of maximum yield response level of triple superphosphate. The reactive phosphate rock was judged to be as effective as triple superphosphate in the 1st year (and every year thereafter) at 4 sites (SV50 >0.9), and was as effective by the 4th year at 5 sites. At another 9 sites the reactive phosphate rock was only moderately effective with SV50 values between 0.5 and 0.8 in the 4th year, and at the final 8 sites it performed poorly with the 4th year SV50 being less than 0.5. Pasture environments where the reactive phosphate rock was effective in the 1st year were: (i) those on sandy, humic or peaty podsols with an annual rainfall in excess of 850 mm; (ii) those on soils that experienced prolonged winter inundation and lateral surface flow; and (iii) tropical grass pastures in very high rainfall areas (>2300 mm) on the wet tropical coast on North Queensland. The highly reactive North Carolina phosphate rock became effective by the 4th year at sites in southern Australia where annual rainfall exceeded 700 mm, and where the surface soil was acidic [pH (CaCl2) <5.0] and not excessively sandy (sand fraction in the A1 horizon <67%) but had some phosphorus (P) sorption capacity. Sites that were unsuitable for reactive phosphate rock use in the medium term (up to 4 years at least) were on very high P-sorbing krasnozem soils or high P-sorbing lateritic or red earth soils supporting subterranean-clover-dominant pasture, or on lower rainfall (< 600 mm) pastures growing on soils with a sandy A1 horizon (sand component >84%). No single environmental feature adequately predicted reactive phosphate rock performance although the surface pH of the soil was most closely correlated with the year-4 SV50 (r = 0.67). Multiple linear regression analysis found that available soil P (0–10 cm) and the P sorption class of the surface soil (0–2 cm), together with annual rainfall and a measure of the surface soil"s ability to retain moisture, could explain about two-thirds of the variance in the year-4 SV50 . The results from this Project indicate that there are a number of specific pasture environments in the higher rainfall regions of Australia where North Carolina reactive phosphate rock can be considered as an effective substitute P fertiliser for improved pasture.

scholarly journals RPR revisited (2): Long-term farmer experience helps define the role of RPR in grazed pastures

2012 ◽  
pp. 269-275
Author(s):  
M. Zaman ◽  
B.F. Quin
Keyword(s):  
Phosphate Rock ◽  
Reactive Phosphate ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Reactive Phosphate Rock ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Phosphorus Runoff ◽  
Commercial Introduction

The commercial introduction of reactive phosphate rock (RPR) to the New Zealand market in 1987 was the subject of much dispute regarding its efficacy, and the differing interpretations of field trial results. Twenty-five years on, it was considered time to seek the views of farmers who are long-term users of RPR, across a wide range of geographic, soil type, fertility, climate and farming operations. The fact that the farmers interviewed have all been farming successfully with RPR for many years enables conditions suitable for RPR use to be identified more clearly compared to earlier advice. This progress is discussed in the context of utilising the proven reduced phosphorus (P) run-off with RPR to reduce P eutrophication in P-sensitive catchments. Key words: Reactive phosphate rock, RPR, superphosphate, SSP, long-term use, phosphorus runoff, eutrophication, water quality, recommendations

Zinc deficiency in wheat and lupins in Western Australia is affected by the source of phosphate fertiliser

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 455 ◽  
Author(s):  
MM Riley ◽  
JW Gartrell ◽  
RF Brennan ◽  
J Hamblin ◽  
P Coates
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Single Superphosphate ◽  
Rock Phosphates ◽  
Phosphate Fertiliser ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Natural Component ◽  
Residual Effectiveness ◽  
Term Field

A long-term field experiment is being conducted in the wheatbelt of Western Australia to determine the effects of source of phosphate fertiliser on the residual effectiveness of zinc (Zn) to wheat and to sweet, narrow-leafed lupins grown in rotation. The initial 2 years' results of that experiment reported here indicate that both wheat and lupins responded to the addition of Zn to the soil. The requirements of these crops for Zn, can be mostly met with the small amount of Zn that is a natural component in single superphosphate manufactured from rock phosphates, but not with diammonium phosphate (DAP). The internal requirements for Zn of the aboveground tissues of lupins appear greater than those of wheat. Depending on the stage of growth, critical concentrations of Zn in the youngest leaf tissues of wheat that were prognostic of Zn deficiency, were found to vary from about 7 to 16 �g/g, while those in lupins were found to vary from about 28 to 37 �g/g.

RPR revisited (1): Research, recommendations, promotion and use in New Zealand

2012 ◽  
pp. 255-268
Author(s):  
B.F. Quin ◽  
M. Zaman
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Phosphate Rock ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Reactive Phosphate ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Specific Advice ◽  
Reactive Phosphate Rock ◽  
Research Recommendations

Reactive phosphate rock (RPR) has been studied extensively in field trials and laboratory research in New Zealand since the 1930s. This paper looks at the different approaches to research over the decades, at what conclusions were drawn, at the recommendations made to farmers, and at the commercial promotion and sales of RPR. It is not an exhaustive literature review, but sufficiently comprehensive to demonstrate the large amount of research conducted, and to document the important issues that have arisen, particularly with respect to advice being given to farmers. RPR research has suffered from a series of mishaps which have hindered, in one way or another, the results being accurately interpreted and passed on clearly to farmers. There is a need for specific advice for farmers regarding managing or minimising any lag in production following a switch to RPR. New Zealand's grazed pastures, water quality and "clean and green" image internationally are closely interlinked. Given the proven significant reduction in P losses in run-off to waterways with RPR, the conditions in which RPR can be successfully used in New Zealand's pastoral agriculture have been reassessed. Key words: reactive phosphate rock, RPR, superphosphate, SSP, TSP, PAPR, long-term comparisons, plot trials, grazing trials, fertiliser recommendations, history

scholarly journals Response to re-application of phosphate fertilisers on hill pasture where fertiliser had been withheld for seven years

1993 ◽  
pp. 67-71
Author(s):  
S.F. Ledgard ◽  
G.J. Brier
Keyword(s):  
Phosphate Rock ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Research Area ◽  
N Fixation ◽  
Single Superphosphate ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Reactive Phosphate ◽  
Reactive Phosphate Rock ◽  
P Rate

A field experiment at the AgResearch Te Kuiti Research Area examined effects of re-application of phosphorus (P) fertilisers on production and composition of hill pastures (1520% slope) which had received no P for 7 years. Treatments were 0, 20, 40 and 80 kg P/ha/year as single superphosphate (SSP) or North Carolina reactive phosphate rock (RPR). The soil was a yellowbrown earth/yellow-brown loam intergrade with Olsen P 9. Re-application of P produced a rapid and large increase in pasture production of up to 42 and 61% in years 1 and 2, respectively, and brought production up to 95% of that measured in neighbouring regularly fertilised paddocks. The pasture response to RPR was less (PcO.01) than that to SSP in both years, particularly at the highest rate. This indicated that RPR was less suitable for capital application. The P response was due almost entirely to an increase in white clover growth, and N, fixation was estimated to increase from 30 to 130 kg N/ha/year. In year 2, there was an increase in ryegrass content of pasture receiving the high P rate and this was attributed to increased nitrogen availability due to increased N, fixation. Keywords: hill country, phosphorus, reactive phosphate rock, superphosphate

scholarly journals Effect of Soil Solution Properties and Cu2+ Co-Existence on the Adsorption of Sulfadiazine onto Paddy Soil

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (24) ◽  
pp. 13383
Author(s):  
Ziwen Xu ◽  
Shiquan Lv ◽  
Shuxiang Hu ◽  
Liang Chao ◽  
Fangxu Rong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Co Adsorption ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Paddy Soils ◽  
Sorption Behavior ◽  
Solution Properties ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Ph Conditions ◽  
Globally Distributed

Paddy soils are globally distributed and saturated with water long term, which is different from most terrestrial ecosystems. To better understand the environmental risks of antibiotics in paddy soils, this study chose sulfadiazine (SDZ) as a typical antibiotic. We investigated its adsorption behavior and the influence of soil solution properties, such as pH conditions, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), ionic concentrations (IC), and the co-existence of Cu2+. The results indicated that (1) changes in soil solution pH and IC lower the adsorption of SDZ in paddy soils. (2) Increase of DOC facilitated the adsorption of SDZ in paddy soils. (3) Cu2+ co-existence increased the adsorption of SDZ on organic components, but decreased the adsorption capacity of clay soil for SDZ. (4) Further FTIR and SEM analyses indicated that complexation may not be the only form of Cu2+ and SDZ co-adsorption in paddy soils. Based on the above results, it can be concluded that soil solution properties and co-existent cations determine the sorption behavior of SDZ in paddy soils.

scholarly journals The long-term effectiveness of reactive phosphate rock as a phosphate fertiliser for New Zealand pastures

1990 ◽  
pp. 101-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.G. Sinclair ◽  
C.B. Dyson ◽  
P.W. Shannon
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Phosphate Rock ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Single Superphosphate ◽  
Reactive Phosphate ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Phosphate Retention ◽  
Reactive Phosphate Rock ◽  
Sechura Phosphate Rock

Sechura reactive phosphate rock (SPR) and triple superphosphate (TSP) have been compared as phosphate fertihsers for pastures in a series of 19 field trials dispersed throughout New Zealand, each continuing for 3-6 years. Both fertilisers were applied annuaIly at 4 rates. In the first 2 years SPR was much less effective at increasing dry matter yields than TSP, but its performance improved markedly with time. In year 6 SPR outyielded TSP at alI application rates for all sites combined. The relative performance of SPR and TSP differed markedly at different sites. Very high soil phosphate retention and a combination of low moisture and high pH appeared to be unfavourable for SPR performance. In most sites SPR was equal or superior to TSP by year 6. SPR substantially raised molybdenum concentration in clovers, and this may have contributed to its superior performance at some sites. As TSP and single superphosphate were equally effective, the good performauce of SPR and the relative cheapness of reactive phosphate rocks suggest an important role for the latter on New Zealand pastures. Keywords Sechura phosphate rock, reactive phosphate rock, RPR, superphosphates, phosphate fertilisers

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