Influence of the spleen on blood volume and haematocrit in the brush-tailed possum (Trichosurus vulpecula)

1968 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 603 ◽  
Author(s):  
TJ Dawson ◽  
MJS Denny
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Trichosurus Vulpecula ◽  
Circulating Blood Volume ◽  
Significant Function ◽  
Blood Reservoir

The blood volume of T. vulpecula was measured and the influence of the spleen on the circulating blood volume investigated. The circulating blood volume of "normal" restrained animals was 57.4 � 3.19 ml, the plasma volume being 31.2 � 1.93 ml, and the red blood cell volume 26.2 � 2.08 ml per kilogram body weight. These values tended to be lower than those of eutherian mammals and it is suggested that this might be associated with a possible lower metabolic rate. The spleen was found to have a significant function as a blood reservoir. Measurement of volume of circulating red blood cells after injections of adrenaline (to cause splenic emptying) and chlorpromazine (to achieve maximum filling of the spleen) showed that the splenic reserve of erythrocytes was approximately 11.0 ml/kg body weight.

scholarly journals Regulation of blood volume in lowlanders exposed to high altitude

2017 ◽  
Vol 123 (4) ◽  
pp. 957-966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Siebenmann ◽  
Paul Robach ◽  
Carsten Lundby
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Circulating Blood Volume ◽  
Oxyhemoglobin Saturation ◽  
Physiological Relevance

Humans ascending to high altitude (HA) experience a reduction in arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation and, as a result, arterial O2content ([Formula: see text]). As HA exposure extends, this reduction in [Formula: see text] is counteracted by an increase in arterial hemoglobin concentration. Initially, hemoconcentration is exclusively related to a reduction in plasma volume (PV), whereas after several weeks a progressive expansion in total red blood cell volume (RCV) contributes, although often to a modest extent. Since the decrease in PV is more rapid and usually more pronounced than the expansion in RCV, at least during the first weeks of exposure, a reduction in circulating blood volume is common at HA. Although the regulation of hematological responses to HA has been investigated for decades, it remains incompletely understood. This is not only related to the large number of mechanisms that could be involved and the complexity of their interplay but also to the difficulty of conducting comprehensive experiments in the often secluded HA environment. In this review, we present our understanding of the kinetics, the mechanisms and the physiological relevance of the HA-induced reduction in PV and expansion in RCV.

Actively circulating blood volume in endotoxin shock measured by indicator dilution

1979 ◽  
Vol 236 (2) ◽  
pp. H291-H300 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. F. Rothe ◽  
R. H. Murray ◽  
T. D. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Mixing Time ◽  
Volume Of Distribution ◽  
Endotoxin Shock ◽  
Circulating Blood Volume ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Concentration Changes ◽  
Volumes Of Distribution

To estimate the size of the actively circulating blood volume of splenectomized dogs during control conditions and after endotoxin infusion, the pattern of concentration changes of 51Cr-labeled erythrocytes and 125I-labeled albumin was monitored. A dual exponential equation was fitted to the data. The total red blood cell and albumin volumes of distribution were determined from the slow exponential disappearance curves. The active red blood cell and albumin volumes were 89.8 +/- 5.3% and 92.0 +/- 2.0% of the total volumes, respectively. After endotoxin shock (mean arterial blood pressure 49.1 +/- 17.8 mmHg) the active volumes fell to only 60.0 +/- 10.3% and 56.2 +/- 20.0% of the total volumes, respectively. The fast-mixing time constants were similar (3.1 +/- 1.4 min and 2.5 +/- 2.7 min, respectively) and did not change significantly during the endotoxin shock, indicating that the albumin tag mixed into its larger volume of distribution as rapidly as the cells mixed into their indicated volume. We conclude that 1) an active blood volume can be distinguished, 2) it decreases for both red blood cells and albumin in endotoxin shock, and 3) a major part of the "extravascular plasma volume," as estimated by albumin dilution, is in the actively circulating circulation.

scholarly journals Evaluation of cobalt as a performance enhancing drug (PED) in racehorses

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 243-252
Author(s):  
K.H. McKeever ◽  
K. Malinowski ◽  
C.K. Fenger ◽  
W.C. Duer ◽  
G.A. Maylin
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Anaerobic Exercise ◽  
Science Center ◽  
Performance Enhancing ◽  
A Performance

Cobalt is a required trace element in animals, but administration in excess is considered dangerous and potentially performance enhancing in equine athletes. This study seeks to determine if cobalt may actually act as a performance enhancing drug (PED) by altering biochemical parameters related to red blood cell production as well as markers of aerobic and anaerobic exercise performance. In addition, for adequate regulation of naturally occurring substances, such as cobalt, its distribution among the population must be defined. In order to identify this distribution, plasma Cobalt was determined from 245 Standardbred horses with no cobalt supplementation from farms in New York and New Jersey, including horses at the Rutgers University Equine Science Center. Samples were analysed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Seven healthy, race fit Standardbreds (4 geldings, 3 mares, age: 5±3 years, ~500 kg) were used for the PED experiment. An incremental graded exercise test (GXT) to measure maximal aerobic capacity (V̇O2max) and markers of performance, measurement of plasma volume and blood volume as well as the measurement of lactate, erythropoietin (EPO), and various blood haematological factors were determined 7 days prior to cobalt administration. Each horse was administered a sterile solution of cobalt salts (50 mg of elemental Co as CoCl2 in 10 ml of saline, IV) at 9 AM on three consecutive days via the jugular vein. Blood samples were obtained from the contralateral jugular vein before and at 1, 2, 4 and 24 h after administration. Plasma and blood volume were measured one day after the last dose of cobalt, and a post administration GXT was performed the next day. Horses were observed for signs of adverse effects of the cobalt administration (agitation, sweating, increased respiration, etc.). Plasma cobalt concentration increased from a pre-administration mean of 1.6±0.6 to 369±28 μg/l following 3 doses of the cobalt solution (P<0.05). This Co concentration was unaccompanied by changes in aerobic or anaerobic performance, plasma EPO concentration, plasma volume, resting blood volume, total blood volume, or estimated red blood cell volume (P>0.05). There were no observed adverse effects.

Red blood cell volume and distribution before and after bleed-out in the rat

1960 ◽  
Vol 198 (6) ◽  
pp. 1177-1180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Dellenback ◽  
Gerhard H. Muelheims
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Negligible Contribution

The distribution of red blood cells in nine normal Nembutalized rats (323.2–415.0 gm body weight) was determined by the Cr51-labeled red blood cell technique. Microliters of red blood cells per total and per gram of tissue are reported for the testes, brain, intestine, kidney, heart-lung, spleen, liver, bone, muscle and skin. Values are also listed for the same organs and tissues determined after rapid bleed-out as found by Muelheims, Dellenback and Rawson. A comparison of these values shows that the liver, heart-lung and muscle contribute approximately 80% of all red blood cells removed in the hemorrhage. The skin, bone, kidney and intestine contribute as a group the remaining 20% with a negligible contribution from the testes and brain and no contribution from the spleen.

Importance of Monitoring the Circulating Blood Volume in Patients with Cerebral Vasospasm after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Neurosurgery ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 514-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadashi Kudo ◽  
Shigeharu Suzuki ◽  
Takashi Iwabuehi
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Cerebral Aneurysms ◽  
Neurological Deterioration ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Dilution Technique ◽  
Circulating Blood Volume ◽  
Time Of Admission

Abstract We used the isotope dilution technique to monitor circulating blood volume (CBV) in three patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysms who developed pre- or postoperative ischemic symptoms that responded well to intravascular volume expansion therapy with blood transfusion and plasma expanders. In the first and second cases, predeterioration CBVs were obtained. Both of these patients showed hypovolemia and a decreased red blood cell volume at the time of neurological deterioration. A predeterioration CBV was not available for the third patient for comparison, but his red cell volume was also markedly decreased. Postrecovery CBVs were obtained in the second and third cases. Our data suggested that a depleted red blood cell volume was more responsible for neurological deterioration than was a lowered plasma volume. To prevent the occurrence of hypovolemia and anemia in aneurysm patients, we should monitor CBV not only at the time of neurological deterioration, but also at the time of admission and during the immediate postoperative period.

Comparison of stored red blood cell washing techniques for priming extracorporeal circuits

Perfusion ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Sasaki ◽  
Christopher Tirotta ◽  
Hyunsoo Lim ◽  
Kathleen Kubes ◽  
Jane Salvaggio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Surgery ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Operating Room ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Normal Saline ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Bank ◽  
Extracorporeal Circuits ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

Background: The aim of this study was to compare three different blood washing techniques and describe the differences for the composition of the washed red blood cells (RBC). Methods: Stored RBCs less than 5 days old were washed using three different techniques. 1) Washing with normal saline with the COBE Model 2991 blood processor in the blood bank (BB-S). 2) Washing with normal saline with the Continuous AutoTransfusion System (C.A.T.S) in the operating room (OR-S). 3) Washing with Plasma-Lyte with the C.A.T.S in the operating room (OR-PL). Then, we compared the values for hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), blood volume, RBC volume, lactate, glucose, sodium and potassium of the three different groups. Results: Forty-five units of RBCs were washed and analyzed (15 for each technique). The OR-S RBCs, when compared to the BB-S RBCs, had lower hemoglobin (g/dL) (22.8 vs 24.1, p=0.006), lower hematocrit (%) (67 vs 71, p=0.006), higher RBC volume (ml) (161 vs 130, p<0.001), higher glucose (mg/dL) (185 vs 46, p<0.001) and lower sodium (mmol/L) (153 vs 158, p<0.001). When compared to the OR-S RBCs, the OR-PL RBCs showed higher potassium (mmol/L) (5.3 vs 2, p<0.001) and lower sodium (mmol/L) (129 vs 153, p<0.001). Conclusion: RBCs washed with an autotransfusion device had a higher RBC volume and more physiological levels of glucose and sodium when compared with the blood processor in the blood bank. It can be an alternative option to use RBCs washed with an autotransfusion device for priming the extracorporeal circuits utilized in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

Mechanisms of acute hemoconcentration in bullfrogs in response to hypoxemia

1993 ◽  
Vol 264 (4) ◽  
pp. R687-R695 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. Pinder ◽  
A. W. Smits
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Arterial Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Cell Swelling ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin

Three general mechanisms have been proposed to explain rapid increases in red blood cell concentration in vertebrates in response to hypoxia: spleen emptying, red blood cell swelling, and decreases in plasma volume. We have experimentally tested these potential mechanisms for the hemoconcentration of red blood cells associated with hypoxemia in cold (10 degrees C), submerged bullfrogs. The mean increase of hematocrit was approximately 1.4-fold (the increase was highly variable between individual frogs) when arterial oxygen saturation was reduced from 80% to 8% by lowering ambient O2 partial pressure (PO2). The largest response was seen when arterial oxygen saturation was below 33% (a saturation that is not unusual in submerged amphibians). There was no difference between hematocrit increases during hypoxemia in spleen-ligated compared with sham-operated frogs submerged in hyperoxic, normoxic, and hypoxic water, suggesting that spleen emptying is not the primary mechanism. Increased hematocrit was not due to red blood cell swelling: mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration increased slightly as hematocrit increased, indicating that red blood cells shrank slightly rather than swelling. Plasma volume, measured in a separate group of animals by dilution of 51Cr-labeled autologous red blood cells, decreased almost 50% during hypoxemia, closely correlated with a mean increase of 1.76-fold of hematocrit. We thus conclude that the hematocrit increase seen during hypoxemia in bullfrogs is caused by a loss of plasma volume. This has important implications for cardiovascular function, since blood viscosity, oxygen carrying capacity, and cardiac output are all affected by changes in plasma volume.

Plasma volume, red cell volume, and thoracic duct lymph flow in hypothermia

1977 ◽  
Vol 233 (5) ◽  
pp. H605-H612 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Y. Chen ◽  
S. Chien
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Circulating Blood Volume ◽  
Duct Lymph

The effects of hypothermia on plasma volume (125I-albumin), red blood cell volume (51 Cr-RBC), and capillary permeability (thoracic duct lymph flow and protein concentration) were determined on dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital, paralyzed with succinylcholine, and mechanically ventilated. Red blood cell volume and plasma protein concentration did not change significantly after cooling. Reductions in plasma volume and total plasma proteins indicate that whole plasma was excluded from the effective circulating blood volume. Except for a lesser increase in hematocrit, chronically splenectomized dogs showed essentially the same changes as normal dogs in response to hypothermia. Following application of ice bags, there was a biphasic response in lymph flow. The early increase in lymph flow accompanying a slight decrease in plasma volume was attributable to transcapillary fluid loss into interstitial space, probably due to cold-induced sympathetic activity. The later decrease in lymph flow in hypothermia resulted from a decrease of lymph production secondary to a decrease in available capillary diffusion area. This decrease in lymph flows and the continued reduction in plasma volume suggest an intravascular sequestration of whole plasma.

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