scholarly journals Parallel genetic basis for repeated evolution of armor loss in Alaskan threespine stickleback populations

2004 ◽  
Vol 101 (16) ◽  
pp. 6050-6055 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Cresko ◽  
A. Amores ◽  
C. Wilson ◽  
J. Murphy ◽  
M. Currey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Threespine Stickleback ◽  
Repeated Evolution

scholarly journals Should I stay or should I go? The Ectodysplasin locus is associated with behavioural differences in threespine stickleback

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 788-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rowan D. H. Barrett ◽  
Tim H. Vines ◽  
Jason S. Bystriansky ◽  
Patricia M. Schulte
Keyword(s):  
Positive Selection ◽  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Threespine Stickleback ◽  
Adaptive Divergence ◽  
Freshwater Habitats ◽  
Repeated Evolution ◽  
Freshwater Environments

Adaptive divergence may be facilitated if morphological and behavioural traits associated with local adaptation share the same genetic basis. It is therefore important to determine whether genes underlying adaptive morphological traits are associated with variation in behaviour in natural populations. Positive selection on low-armour alleles at the Ectodysplasin ( Eda ) locus in threespine stickleback has led to the repeated evolution of reduced armour, following freshwater colonization by fully armoured marine sticklebacks. This adaptive divergence in armour between marine and freshwater populations would be facilitated if the low allele conferred a behavioural preference for freshwater environments. We experimentally tested whether the low allele is associated with preference for freshwater by measuring the preference of each Eda genotype for freshwater versus saltwater after acclimation to either salinity. We found no association between the Eda low allele and preference for freshwater. Instead, the low allele was significantly associated with a reduced preference for the acclimation environment. This behaviour may facilitate the colonization of freshwater habitats from the sea, but could also hinder local adaptation by promoting migration of low alleles between marine and freshwater environments.

scholarly journals Elevated temperatures drive the evolution of armor loss in the threespine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Smith ◽  
Grzegorz Zięba ◽  
Mirosław Przybylski
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Functional Trait ◽  
Threespine Stickleback ◽  
Ecological Impacts ◽  
Correlated Response ◽  
Reduced Body ◽  
Bayesian Spatial Model

AbstractWhile there is evidence of genetic and phenotypic responses to climate change, few studies have demonstrated change in functional traits with a known genetic basis. Here we present evidence for an evolutionary adaptive response to elevated temperatures in freshwater populations of the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Using a unique set of historical data and museum specimens, in combination with contemporary samples, we fitted a Bayesian spatial model to identify a population-level decline in the number of lateral bony plates, comprising anti-predator armor, in multiple populations of sticklebacks over the last 90 years in Poland. Armor loss was predicted by elevated temperatures and is proposed to be a correlated response to selection for reduced body size. This study demonstrates a change in a functional trait of known genetic basis in response to elevated temperature, and illustrates the utility of the threespine stickleback as a model for measuring the evolutionary and ecological impacts of environmental change across the northern hemisphere.

scholarly journals Convergent evolution of pain-inducing defensive venom components in spitting cobras

Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 371 (6527) ◽  
pp. 386-390
Author(s):  
T. D. Kazandjian ◽  
D. Petras ◽  
S. D. Robinson ◽  
J. van Thiel ◽  
H. W. Greene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Model System ◽  
Snake Venoms ◽  
Venom Composition ◽  
Repeated Evolution ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Functional Analyses ◽  
Functional Phenotype

Convergent evolution provides insights into the selective drivers underlying evolutionary change. Snake venoms, with a direct genetic basis and clearly defined functional phenotype, provide a model system for exploring the repeated evolution of adaptations. While snakes use venom primarily for predation, and venom composition often reflects diet specificity, three lineages of cobras have independently evolved the ability to spit venom at adversaries. Using gene, protein, and functional analyses, we show that the three spitting lineages possess venoms characterized by an up-regulation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) toxins, which potentiate the action of preexisting venom cytotoxins to activate mammalian sensory neurons and cause enhanced pain. These repeated independent changes provide a fascinating example of convergent evolution across multiple phenotypic levels driven by selection for defense.

scholarly journals Repeated phenotypic evolution by different genetic routes: the evolution of colony switching in Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenna Gallie ◽  
Frederic Bertels ◽  
Philippe Remigi ◽  
Gayle C Ferguson ◽  
Sylke Nestmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Fluorescens ◽  
Sigma Factor ◽  
Feedback Loop ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Molecular Model ◽  
Phenotypic Evolution ◽  
Positive Feedback Loop ◽  
Repeated Evolution ◽  
Pseudomonas Fluorescens Sbw25 ◽  
Genetic Level

ABSTRACTRepeated evolution of functionally similar phenotypes is observed throughout the tree of life. The extent to which the underlying genetics are conserved remains an area of considerable interest. Previously, we reported the evolution of colony switching in two independent lineages of Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 (Beaumont et al., 2009). The phenotypic and genotypic bases of colony switching in the first lineage (Line 1) have been described elsewhere (Beaumont et al., 2009; Gallie et al., 2015). Here, we deconstruct the evolution of colony switching in the second lineage (Line 6). We show that, as for Line 1, Line 6 colony switching results from an increase in the expression of a colanic acid-like polymer (CAP). At the genetic level, nine mutations occur in Line 6. Only one of these - a non-synonymous point mutation in the housekeeping sigma factor rpoD - is required for colony switching. In contrast, the genetic basis of colony switching in Line 1 is a mutation in the metabolic gene carB (Beaumont et al., 2009). A molecular model has recently been proposed whereby the carB mutation increases capsulation by redressing the intracellular balance of positive (ribosomes) and negative (RsmAE/CsrA) regulators of a positive feedback loop in capsule expression (Remigi et al., 2018). We show that Line 6 colony switching is consistent with this model; the rpoD mutation generates an increase in ribosome expression, and ultimately an increase in CAP expression.

scholarly journals Coloring inside the lines: genomic architecture and evolution of a widespread color pattern in frogs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Goutte ◽  
Imtiyaz Hariyani ◽  
Kole Deroy Utzinger ◽  
Yann Bourgeois ◽  
Stephane Boissinot
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Color Pattern ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamic ◽  
Ideal System ◽  
Terrestrial Habitats ◽  
History Of ◽  
Repeated Evolution

Traits shared among distantly related lineages are indicators of common evolutionary constraints, at the ecological, physiological or molecular level. The vertebral stripe is a color pattern that is widespread across the anuran phylogeny. Despite its prevalence in the order, surprisingly little is known about the genetic basis and evolutionary dynamic of this color pattern. Here we combine histology, genome- and transcriptome-wide analyses with order-scale phylogenetic comparative analyses to investigate this common phenotype. We show that the vertebral stripe has evolved hundreds of times in the evolutionary history of anurans and is selected for in terrestrial habitats. Using the Ethiopian Ptychadena radiation as a model system, we demonstrate that variation at the ASIP gene is responsible for the different vertebral stripe phenotypes. Alleles associated to these phenotypes are younger than the split between closely related Ptychadena species, thus indicating that the vertebral stripe results from parallel evolution within the group. Our findings demonstrate that this widespread color pattern evolves rapidly and recurrently in terrestrial anurans, and therefore constitute an ideal system to study repeated evolution.

scholarly journals Repeated Phenotypic Evolution by Different Genetic Routes in Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 1071-1085 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenna Gallie ◽  
Frederic Bertels ◽  
Philippe Remigi ◽  
Gayle C Ferguson ◽  
Sylke Nestmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Fluorescens ◽  
Sigma Factor ◽  
Feedback Loop ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Molecular Model ◽  
Ribosomal Gene ◽  
Phenotypic Evolution ◽  
Repeated Evolution ◽  
Pseudomonas Fluorescens Sbw25 ◽  
Genetic Level

Abstract Repeated evolution of functionally similar phenotypes is observed throughout the tree of life. The extent to which the underlying genetics are conserved remains an area of considerable interest. Previously, we reported the evolution of colony switching in two independent lineages of Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25. The phenotypic and genotypic bases of colony switching in the first lineage (Line 1) have been described elsewhere. Here, we deconstruct the evolution of colony switching in the second lineage (Line 6). We show that, as for Line 1, Line 6 colony switching results from an increase in the expression of a colanic acid-like polymer (CAP). At the genetic level, nine mutations occur in Line 6. Only one of these—a nonsynonymous point mutation in the housekeeping sigma factor rpoD—is required for colony switching. In contrast, the genetic basis of colony switching in Line 1 is a mutation in the metabolic gene carB. A molecular model has recently been proposed whereby the carB mutation increases capsulation by redressing the intracellular balance of positive (ribosomes) and negative (RsmAE/CsrA) regulators of a positive feedback loop in capsule expression. We show that Line 6 colony switching is consistent with this model; the rpoD mutation generates an increase in ribosomal gene expression, and ultimately an increase in CAP expression.

scholarly journals Parallel and nonparallel genomic responses contribute to herbicide resistance in Ipomoea purpurea, a common agricultural weed

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan Van Etten ◽  
Kristin M. Lee ◽  
Shu-Mei Chang ◽  
Regina S. Baucom
Keyword(s):  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Population Genomics ◽  
Physiological Mechanism ◽  
Morning Glory ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Genetic Lineages ◽  
Ipomoea Purpurea ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Repeated Evolution

AbstractThe repeated evolution of herbicide resistance has been cited as an example of genetic parallelism, wherein separate species or genetic lineages utilize the same genetic solution in response to selection. However, most studies that investigate the genetic basis of herbicide resistance examine the potential for changes in the protein targeted by the herbicide rather than considering genome-wide changes. We used a population genomics screen and targeted exome re-sequencing to uncover the potential genetic basis of glyphosate resistance in the common morning glory, Ipomoea purpurea, and to determine if genetic parallelism underlies the repeated evolution of resistance across replicate resistant populations. We found no evidence for changes in 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), glyphosate’s target protein, that were associated with resistance, and instead identified five genomic regions that show evidence of selection. Within these regions, genes involved in herbicide detoxification--cytochrome P450s, ABC transporters, and glycosyltransferases--are enriched and exhibit signs of selective sweeps. One region under selection shows parallel changes across all assayed resistant populations whereas other regions exhibit signs of divergence. Thus, while it appears likely that the physiological mechanism of resistance in this species is likely the same among resistant populations, we find patterns of both similar and divergent selection across separate resistant populations at particular loci.

Molecular Basis and Clinical Aspects of Hereditary Megakaryocyte and Platelet Membrane Glycoprotein Disorders

1996 ◽  
Vol 16 (02) ◽  
pp. 114-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Scharf
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Platelet Membrane ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Membrane Glycoprotein ◽  
Membrane Glycoproteins ◽  
Membrane Expression ◽  
Receptor Complexes ◽  
Platelet Membrane Glycoprotein

SummarySpecific membrane glycoproteins (GP) expressed by the megakaryocyte-platelet system, including GPIa-lla, GPIb-V-IX, GPIIb-llla, and GPIV are involved in mediat-ing platelet adhesion to the subendothelial matrix. Among these glycoproteins, GPIIb-llla plays a pivotal role since platelet aggregation is exclusively mediated by this receptor and its interaction with soluble macromolecular proteins. Inherited defects of the GPIIb-llla or GPIb-V-IX receptor complexes are associated with bleeding disorders, known as Glanzmann's thrombasthenia, Bernard-Soulier syndrome, or platelet-type von Willebrand's disease, respectively. Using immuno-chemical and molecular biology techniques, rapid advances in our understanding of the molecular genetic basis of these disorders have been made during the last few years. Moreover, analyses of patients with congenital platelet membrane glycoprotein abnormalities have provided valuable insights into molecular mechanisms that are required for structural and functional integrity, normal biosynthesis of the glycoprotein complexes and coordinated membrane expression of their constituents. The present article reviews the current state of knowledge of the major membrane glycoproteins in health and disease. The spectrum of clinical bleeding manifestations and established diagnostic criteria for each of these dis-orders are summarized. In particular, the variety of molecular defects that have been identified so far and their genetic basis will be discussed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document