scholarly journals Rapid enhancement of visual cortical response discriminability by microstimulation of the frontal eye field

2007 ◽  
Vol 104 (22) ◽  
pp. 9499-9504 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Armstrong ◽  
T. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Response ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Eye Field ◽  
Visual Cortical ◽  
Response Discriminability

Vergence Eye Movements

2015 ◽  
pp. 520-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. John Leigh ◽  
David S. Zee
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Developmental Disorders ◽  
Laboratory Evaluation ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Pontine Nuclei ◽  
Convergence Insufficiency ◽  
Eye Field ◽  
Phoria Adaptation ◽  
Visual Cortical

This chapter reviews the stimuli for vergence, the properties of fusional and accommodative vergence, as well as vergence made in combination with saccades or vestibular eye movements, or blinks. Different properties of horizontal, vertical, and torsional vergence are discussed. Current models are presented to account for interactions between vergence and saccades. The neural substrate for vergence movements is reviewed from ocular motoneurons to the midbrain supraoculomotor area, to visual cortical areas such as MST and frontal eye field, including pontine nuclei, cerebellar vermis, and fastigial nucleus. Adaptive properties of vergence are reviewed, especially phoria adaptation, discussing the role of the cerebellum. The bedside and laboratory evaluation of vergence is summarized and the pathophysiology of disorders of vergence discussed, including developmental disorders associated with childhood strabismus and acquired disorders such as convergence spasm, convergence insufficiency, vergence forms of nystagmus such as convergence-retraction nystagmus, and effects of focal pontine lesions.

Neuronal Mechanisms of Attentional Control

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsey L. Clark ◽  
Behrad Noudoost ◽  
Robert J. Schafer ◽  
Tirin Moore
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Attention ◽  
Covert Attention ◽  
Extrastriate Cortex ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Neural Signals ◽  
Electrical Microstimulation ◽  
Visual Spatial ◽  
Neuronal Mechanisms ◽  
Eye Field ◽  
Visual Cortical

Covert spatial attention prioritizes the processing of stimuli at a given peripheral location, away from the direction of gaze, and selectively enhances visual discrimination, speed of processing, contrast sensitivity, and spatial resolution at the attended location. While correlates of this type of attention, which are believed to underlie perceptual benefits, have been found in a variety of visual cortical areas, more recent observations suggest that these effects may originate from frontal and parietal areas. Evidence for a causal role in attention is especially robust for the Frontal Eye Field, an oculomotor area within the prefrontal cortex. FEF firing rates have been shown to reflect the location of voluntarily deployed covert attention in a variety of tasks, and these changes in firing rate precede those observed in extrastriate cortex. In addition, manipulation of FEF activity—whether via electrical microstimulation, pharmacologically, or operant conditioning—can produce attention-like effects on behaviour and can modulate neural signals within posterior visual areas. We review this evidence and discuss the role of the FEF in visual spatial attention.

Frontal eye field modulates of visual cortical oscillations: an online TMS EEG study

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 317
Author(s):  
N. Hoogenboom ◽  
J. Lauder ◽  
M.H. Grosbras
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Cortical Oscillations ◽  
Eye Field ◽  
Visual Cortical

Visuomotor Transformations Are Modulated by Focused Ultrasound over Frontal Eye Field

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaleb A. Lowe ◽  
Wolf Zinke ◽  
M. Anthony Phipps ◽  
Josh Cosman ◽  
Micala Maddox ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Focused Ultrasound ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Visuomotor Transformations ◽  
Eye Field

scholarly journals Contribution of Ionotropic Glutamatergic Receptors to Excitability and Attentional Signals in Macaque Frontal Eye Field

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Dasilva ◽  
Christian Brandt ◽  
Marc Alwin Gieselmann ◽  
Claudia Distler ◽  
Alexander Thiele
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Control ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Neuronal Excitability ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Receptor Activation ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Control Signals ◽  
Cognitive Operations ◽  
Eye Field ◽  
Large Scale Networks

Abstract Top-down attention, controlled by frontal cortical areas, is a key component of cognitive operations. How different neurotransmitters and neuromodulators flexibly change the cellular and network interactions with attention demands remains poorly understood. While acetylcholine and dopamine are critically involved, glutamatergic receptors have been proposed to play important roles. To understand their contribution to attentional signals, we investigated how ionotropic glutamatergic receptors in the frontal eye field (FEF) of male macaques contribute to neuronal excitability and attentional control signals in different cell types. Broad-spiking and narrow-spiking cells both required N-methyl-D-aspartic acid and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor activation for normal excitability, thereby affecting ongoing or stimulus-driven activity. However, attentional control signals were not dependent on either glutamatergic receptor type in broad- or narrow-spiking cells. A further subdivision of cell types into different functional types using cluster-analysis based on spike waveforms and spiking characteristics did not change the conclusions. This can be explained by a model where local blockade of specific ionotropic receptors is compensated by cell embedding in large-scale networks. It sets the glutamatergic system apart from the cholinergic system in FEF and demonstrates that a reduction in excitability is not sufficient to induce a reduction in attentional control signals.

Frontal eye field activity preceding aurally guided saccades

1994 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 1250-1253 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Russo ◽  
C. J. Bruce
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Location ◽  
Auditory Target ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Movement Vector ◽  
Initial Fixation ◽  
Field Activity ◽  
Eye Field ◽  
Movement Field ◽  
Visual Targets

1. We studied neuronal activity in the monkey's frontal eye field (FEF) in conjunction with saccades directed to auditory targets. 2. All FEF neurons with movement activity preceding saccades to visual targets also were active preceding saccades to auditory targets, even when such saccades were made in the dark. Movement cells generally had comparable bursts for aurally and visually guided saccades; visuomovement cells often had weaker bursts in conjunction with aurally guided saccades. 3. When these cells were tested from different initial fixation directions, movement fields associated with aurally guided saccades, like fields mapped with visual targets, were a function of saccade dimensions, and not the speaker's spatial location. Thus, even though sound location cues are chiefly craniotopic, the crucial factor for a FEF discharge before aurally guided saccades was the location of auditory target relative to the current direction of gaze. 4. Intracortical microstimulation at the sites of these cells evoked constant-vector saccades, and not goal-directed saccades. The direction and size of electrically elicited saccades generally matched the cell's movement field for aurally guided saccades. 5. Thus FEF activity appears to have a role in aurally guided as well as visually guided saccades. Moreover, visual and auditory target representations, although initially obtained in different coordinate systems, appear to converge to a common movement vector representation at the FEF stage of saccadic processing that is appropriate for transmittal to saccade-related burst neurons in the superior colliculus and pons.

Acute activation and inactivation of macaque frontal eye field with GABA-related drugs

1995 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 2744-2748 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. C. Dias ◽  
M. Kiesau ◽  
M. A. Segraves
Keyword(s):  
Injection Site ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Surgical Removal ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Eye Field ◽  
Distribution Of Points ◽  
Direction Opposite ◽  
Voluntary Saccades

1. This project tests the behavioral effects of reversible activation and inactivation of sites within the frontal eye field of rhesus monkeys with microinjections of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-related drugs bicuculline and muscimol. 2. Muscimol injections impaired the monkeys' ability to make both visually and memory-guided saccades to targets at the center of the area represented by the injection site. The latencies of saccades to targets in regions flanking the injection were increased. For memory-guided saccades, saccades in the direction opposite to that represented by the injection site, were made with shorter latency than controls and often occurred before the movement cue. 3. Bicuculline injections produced irrepressible saccades equivalent to the saccade vector represented by the injection site, often in a staircase of several closely spaced movements. 4. Both substances decreased the accuracy of fixation of a central light. The distribution of points of fixation on different trials was diffuse, and the angle of gaze tended to deviate towards the side of the injection. 5. The results of these acute injections are similiar to those observed in the superior colliculus and are much more substantial than the effects observed in the long term after surgical removal of the frontal eye field. The results of this study promote a central role for the frontal eye field in the generation of all voluntary saccades and in the control of fixation.

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