scholarly journals Extending experiences of voluntary action by association

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (31) ◽  
pp. 8867-8872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nima Khalighinejad ◽  
Patrick Haggard
Keyword(s):  
Involuntary Movement ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sense Of Agency ◽  
Voluntary Action ◽  
Voluntary Movements ◽  
Motor Systems ◽  
Brain Machine Interfaces ◽  
Involuntary Movements ◽  
Temporal Features ◽  
Key Aspects

“Sense of agency” refers to the experience that links one’s voluntary actions to their external outcomes. It remains unclear whether this ubiquitous experience is hardwired, arising from specific signals within the brain’s motor systems, or rather depends on associative learning, through repeated cooccurrence of voluntary movements and their outcomes. To distinguish these two models, we asked participants to trigger a tone by a voluntary keypress action. The voluntary action was always associated with an involuntary movement of the other hand. We then tested whether the combination of the involuntary movement and tone alone might now suffice to produce a sense of agency, even when the voluntary action was omitted. Sense of agency was measured using an implicit marker based on time perception, namely a shift in the perceived time of the outcome toward the action that caused it. Across two experiments, repeatedly pairing an involuntary movement with a voluntary action induced key temporal features of agency, with the outcome now perceived as shifted toward the involuntary movement. This shift required involuntary movements to have been previously associated with voluntary actions. We show that some key aspects of agency may be transferred from voluntary actions to involuntary movements. An internal volitional signal is required for the primary acquisition of agency but, with repeated association, the involuntary movement in itself comes to produce some key temporal features of agency over the subsequent outcome. This finding may explain how humans can develop an enduring sense of agency in nonnatural cases, like brain–machine interfaces.

scholarly journals Is Automation Appropriate? Semi-autonomous Telepresence Architecture Focusing on Voluntary and Involuntary Movements

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1119-1134
Author(s):  
Masahiko Osawa ◽  
Kohei Okuoka ◽  
Yusuke Takimoto ◽  
Michita Imai
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Voluntary Movements ◽  
Remote Communication ◽  
Involuntary Movements ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Telepresence Robot ◽  
Telepresence Robots ◽  
Classification Type

Abstract This research aims to clarify the type of autonomous movements appropriate for telepresence robots. The design of telepresence robots’ autonomous movements should take into account both local and remote users. From the perspective of local users, we need autonomous movements that enhance a social telepresence in order to smooth remote communication. On the other hand, from the perspective of remote users, autonomous movements should be considered not only to reduce the operation load but also to address the danger of causing discomfort. However, in previous studies on automation, the criteria about which type of movements should be automated has remained unsettled. In this paper, we focused on voluntary and intentional movements as a classification type of movements that can be the criteria. Voluntary movements are intentional movements, whereas involuntary movements are movements without intention. To verify the effect of the automation of these movements, we developed a semi-autonomous telepresence robot that automates voluntary and involuntary movements. Then, we evaluated the impressions from local and remote users by conducting two experiments from each perspective. As a result, when not used in excess, local users evaluated both voluntary and involuntary autonomous movements positively, while it was suggested that automation of voluntary movements for remote users should be implemented with care.

scholarly journals How using brain-machine interfaces influences the human sense of agency

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0245191
Author(s):  
Emilie A. Caspar ◽  
Albert De Beir ◽  
Gil Lauwers ◽  
Axel Cleeremans ◽  
Bram Vanderborght
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Sense Of Agency ◽  
Robotic Hand ◽  
Body Ownership ◽  
Voluntary Movements ◽  
Brain Machine Interfaces ◽  
Prosthetic Limbs ◽  
Sensorimotor Information ◽  
Human Sense ◽  
Sensorimotor Feedback

Brain-machine interfaces (BMI) allows individuals to control an external device by controlling their own brain activity, without requiring bodily or muscle movements. Performing voluntary movements is associated with the experience of agency (“sense of agency”) over those movements and their outcomes. When people voluntarily control a BMI, they should likewise experience a sense of agency. However, using a BMI to act presents several differences compared to normal movements. In particular, BMIs lack sensorimotor feedback, afford lower controllability and are associated with increased cognitive fatigue. Here, we explored how these different factors influence the sense of agency across two studies in which participants learned to control a robotic hand through motor imagery decoded online through electroencephalography. We observed that the lack of sensorimotor information when using a BMI did not appear to influence the sense of agency. We further observed that experiencing lower control over the BMI reduced the sense of agency. Finally, we observed that the better participants controlled the BMI, the greater was the appropriation of the robotic hand, as measured by body-ownership and agency scores. Results are discussed based on existing theories on the sense of agency in light of the importance of BMI technology for patients using prosthetic limbs.

Enhancing the Accuracy of Peak Hourly Demand in Bike-Sharing Systems using a Graph Convolutional Network with Public Transit Usage Data

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110120
Author(s):  
Jung-Hoon Cho ◽  
Seung Woo Ham ◽  
Dong-Kyu Kim
Keyword(s):  
Adjacency Matrix ◽  
Public Transit ◽  
Demand Forecasting ◽  
The Other ◽  
Convolutional Network ◽  
Demand Pattern ◽  
Temporal Features ◽  
Unmet Demand ◽  
Bike Sharing ◽  
Main Component

With the growth of the bike-sharing system, the problem of demand forecasting has become important to the bike-sharing system. This study aims to develop a novel prediction model that enhances the accuracy of the peak hourly demand. A spatiotemporal graph convolutional network (STGCN) is constructed to consider both the spatial and temporal features. One of the model’s essential steps is determining the main component of the adjacency matrix and the node feature matrix. To achieve this, 131 days of data from the bike-sharing system in Seoul are used and experiments conducted on the models with various adjacency matrices and node feature matrices, including public transit usage. The results indicate that the STGCN models reflecting the previous demand pattern to the adjacency matrix show outstanding performance in predicting demand compared with the other models. The results also show that the model that includes bus boarding and alighting records is more accurate than the model that contains subway records, inferring that buses have a greater connection to bike-sharing than the subway. The proposed STGCN with public transit data contributes to the alleviation of unmet demand by enhancing the accuracy in predicting peak demand.

Taiwanese Modernization against Background of Russian and Chinese Ones

2011 ◽  
pp. 79-88
Author(s):  
A. Larin
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Key Aspects

The author attempts to compare some key aspects of modernization in Taiwan, on the one hand, and Russia and China, on the other hand. The aim is to understand what provided the efficiency of the Taiwan version and to what extent the Taiwanese experience can be useful for our country. Despite all differences between Taiwan and Russia, the author believes, the essence of modernization in both cases is common, because the general objectives are the same.

scholarly journals A Hybrid Optimized LSTM Models for Human Activity Recognition with IOT Devices

2021 ◽  
pp. 182-189
Author(s):  
S. Arokiaraj ◽  
Dr. N. Viswanathan
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
Computational Overhead ◽  
Temporal Features ◽  
Human Movements ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Iot Devices

With the advent of Internet of things(IoT),HA (HA) recognition has contributed the more application in health care in terms of diagnosis and Clinical process. These devices must be aware of human movements to provide better aid in the clinical applications as well as user’s daily activity.Also , In addition to machine and deep learning algorithms, HA recognition systems has significantly improved in terms of high accurate recognition. However, the most of the existing models designed needs improvisation in terms of accuracy and computational overhead. In this research paper, we proposed a BAT optimized Long Short term Memory (BAT-LSTM) for an effective recognition of human activities using real time IoT systems. The data are collected by implanting the Internet of things) devices invasively. Then, proposed BAT-LSTM is deployed to extract the temporal features which are then used for classification to HA. Nearly 10,0000 dataset were collected and used for evaluating the proposed model. For the validation of proposed framework, accuracy, precision, recall, specificity and F1-score parameters are chosen and comparison is done with the other state-of-art deep learning models. The finding shows the proposed model outperforms the other learning models and finds its suitability for the HA recognition.

Wings for Hummingbirds to Fly With

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Eberl
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Ancient Maya ◽  
Symbolic Model ◽  
Knowledge Domains ◽  
Dialectical Approach ◽  
The World ◽  
Human Capacity ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Constituent Elements

This chapter employs the famous rabbit-duck illusion to develop a dialectical approach to change. While individuals perceive only rabbit or duck at a given moment, most, if not all, can also see the other. Switching back and forth between the rabbit and the duck creates consciousness about knowledge. This dialectical approach is applied to a symbolic model of creativity. The latter refers to the human capacity to question interpretations of the world and to find new relationships among constituent elements. Metonyms and metaphors are fundamental to human discourse and link knowledge domains in newbutincomplete ways. By hovering between domains, they build meta-awareness. The ancient Maya creator, the god Itzamnaaj, helps to illustrate key aspects of this model of creativity.

scholarly journals A critical discussion of the use of film in participatory research projects with homeless young people: an analysis based on case examples from England and Canada

2020 ◽  
pp. 146879412096537
Author(s):  
Alastair Roy ◽  
Jacqueline Kennelly ◽  
Harriet Rowley ◽  
Cath Larkins
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Participatory Research ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Symbolic Violence ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Distinct Role

The focus of this paper is on the complex and sometimes contradictory effects of generating films with and about young people who have experienced homelessness, through participatory research. Drawing on two projects – one in Ottawa, Canada, and the other in Manchester, UK – we scrutinise two key aspects of participatory research projects that use film: first, how to appropriately communicate the complexity of already-stigmatised lives to different publics, and second, which publics we prioritise, and how this shapes the stories that are told. Through a theoretical framework that combines Pierre Bourdieu’s account of authorised language with Arthur Frank’s socio-narratology, we analyse the potential for generating justice versus reproducing symbolic violence through participatory research and film with homeless young people. In particular, we scrutinise the distinct role played by what we are calling first, second and third publics – each with their own level of distance and relationship to the participatory research process.

Periodontitis—A Silent Risk that Has Become Louder

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 62-66
Author(s):  
Len D'Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Periodontal Diseases ◽  
The Other ◽  
Communication Management ◽  
Record Keeping ◽  
Key Aspects

This article reviews the key aspects of reducing the litigation aspects of the management of periodontal diseases and in particular periodontitis. Litigation arising from gingivitis, the other type of periodontal disease, is very rare and is therefore not considered in this article. This paper considers diagnosis, record keeping, communication, management of periodontitis including non-engaging patients and referrals. It provides guidance to reduce risks and improve the care for patients.

Perspective-taking

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Stanghellini
Keyword(s):  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sense Of Agency ◽  
Mental Condition ◽  
Therapeutic Goal ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Therapeutic Device

This chapter discusses how perspectivism is the device through which each one of us, who first and foremost sees the world from his point of view, is able to recognize that precisely as just one point of view, and thereby to change it. A healthy mental condition implies the ability to change one’s point of view and temporarily take the perspective of another person. The stronger the reciprocity of perspectives between my former and my present ego, and between my own vantage and the Other’s, the weaker the tendency to perceive my motivations as absolutely necessary. Perspectivism allows me to see myself as not strictly determined by the past and by the involuntary, and may restore a sense of agency. This explains why the reciprocity of perspectives is a therapeutic goal and perspectivism—the attempt to see things from the point of view of the Other—is a therapeutic device.

Art History: A Very Short Introduction

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Visual Arts ◽  
Art History ◽  
The Other ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
Western Art ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Critical Approaches ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Global Art

Art history encompasses the study of the history and development of painting, sculpture, and the other visual arts. Art History: A Very Short Introduction considers the issues, debates, and artefacts that make up art history. It explores the emergence of social histories of art and, using a wide range of images, it discusses key aspects of the discipline including how we write about, present, read, and look at art, and the impact this has on our understanding of art history. This second edition includes a new chapter on global art histories, considering how the traditional emphasis on periods and styles in art originated in Western art and can obscure other critical approaches and artwork from non-Western cultures.

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