scholarly journals Insights into the composition of ancient Egyptian red and black inks on papyri achieved by synchrotron-based microanalyses

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (45) ◽  
pp. 27825-27835
Author(s):  
Thomas Christiansen ◽  
Marine Cotte ◽  
Wout de Nolf ◽  
Elouan Mouro ◽  
Juan Reyes-Herrera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Lead Compound ◽  
Lead White ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Acid Phosphate ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ancient Egyptian ◽  
Red Lead ◽  
Unknown Composition ◽  
Iron Based

A hitherto unknown composition is highlighted in the red and black inks preserved on ancient Egyptian papyri from the Roman period (circa 100 to 200 CE). Synchrotron-based macro–X-ray fluorescence (XRF) mapping brings to light the presence of iron (Fe) and lead (Pb) compounds in the majority of the red inks inscribed on 12 papyrus fragments from the Tebtunis temple library. The iron-based compounds in the inks can be assigned to ocher, notably due to the colocalization of Fe with aluminum, and the detection of hematite (Fe2O3) by micro–X-ray diffraction. Using the same techniques together with micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Pb is shown to be associated with fatty acid phosphate, sulfate, chloride, and carboxylate ions. Moreover, micro-XRF maps reveal a peculiar distribution and colocalization of Pb, phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S), which are present at the micrometric scale resembling diffused “coffee rings” surrounding the ocher particles imbedded in the red letters, and at the submicrometric scale concentrated in the papyrus cell walls. A similar Pb, P, and S composition was found in three black inks, suggesting that the same lead components were employed in the manufacture of carbon-based inks. Bearing in mind that pigments such as red lead (Pb3O4) and lead white (hydrocerussite [Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2] and/or cerussite [PbCO3]) were not detected, the results presented here suggest that the lead compound in the ink was used as a drier rather than as a pigment. Accordingly, the study calls for a reassessment of the composition of lead-based components in ancient Mediterranean pigments.

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Fe-Cu-Ni Sinters Prepared by Ball Milling and Hot Pressing

2020 ◽  
Vol 405 ◽  
pp. 379-384
Author(s):  
Joanna Borowiecka-Jamrozek ◽  
Jan Lachowski
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Hot Pressing ◽  
High Hardness ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Powder Composition ◽  
Microstructure And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Static Tensile ◽  
Iron Based ◽  
Surface Observations

The main purpose of this work was to determine the effect of the powder composition on the microstructure and properties of iron-based sinters used as a matrix in diamond tools. The Fe-Cu-Ni sinters obtained from a mixture of ground powders were used for experiments. The influence of manufacturing process parameters on the microstructure and mechanical properties of sinters was investigated. Sintering was performed using hot-pressing technique in a graphite mould. The investigations of obtained sinters included: density, hardness, static tensile test, X-ray diffraction analysis, microstructure and fracture surface observations. The obtained results indicate that the produced sinters have good plasticity and relatively high hardness.

The effects of thermal treatment on the nanomechanical behavior of bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel ex H. de Lehaie) cell walls observed by nanoindentation, XRD, and wet chemistry

Holzforschung ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanjun Li ◽  
Chengjian Huang ◽  
Li Wang ◽  
Siqun Wang ◽  
Xinzhou Wang
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Thermal Treatment ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Phyllostachys Pubescens ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Wet Chemistry ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Wet Chemical

Abstract The effects of thermal treatment of bamboo at 130, 150, 170, and 190°C for 2, 4, and 6 h were investigated in terms of changes in chemical composition, cellulose crystallinity, and mechanical behavior of the cell-wall level by means of wet chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and nanoindentation (NI). Particularly, the reduced elastic modulus (Er), hardness (H), and creep behavior were in focus. Both the temperature and treatment time showed significant effects. Expectedly, the hemicelluloses were degraded and the relative lignin content was elevated, while the crystallinity of the cellulose moiety was increased upon thermal treatment. The Er and H data of the cell wall were increased after 6 h treatment at 190°C, from 18.4 to 22.0 GPa and from 0.45 to 0.65 GPa, respectively. The thermal treatment led to a decrease of the creep ratio (CIT) under the same conditions by ca. 28%. The indentation strain state (εi) also decreased significantly after thermal treatment during the load-holding stage.

Engineering Iron-Based Nanoparticles Spatially Dispersed on Mesoporous Carbon and Its Catalytic Activity for the Direct Oxidization of Benzene to Phenol

NANO ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (08) ◽  
pp. 1850094
Author(s):  
Qiang Sun ◽  
Long Liu ◽  
Yi-Ding Li ◽  
Zeng-Rong Wang ◽  
Xue Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Mesoporous Carbon ◽  
Molecular Diffusion ◽  
Carbon Matrix ◽  
Mesoporous Structure ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Efficient Catalyst ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Benzene Hydroxylation ◽  
Iron Based

We report engineered iron-based nanoparticles supported on cagelike mesoporous carbon that leaves its most mesopores empty to retain an open pore network and are expected to be efficient catalyst with fast molecular diffusion/transportation. The nano-scale iron-based particle inlayed in mesoporous carbon catalyst was obtained via the introduction of N atoms as an anchor. Results of X-ray diffraction, N2 sorption and transmission electron microscopy showed that the cagelike mesoporous structure of the carbon matrix was retained during catalyst preparation and iron-based nanoparticles were spatially dispersed on the mesoporous carbon. Importantly, it was found that the obtained iron-based nanoparticles inlayed into mesoporous carbon with a low Fe loading of 1.26[Formula: see text]wt.% was an appropriate catalyst for the benzene hydroxylation to phenol using H2O2 as the oxidant. At a low temperature of 30∘C, 19.4% conversion to benzene and 14.6% phenol yield were obtained; in addition, the catalyst could be recycled at least four times.

Preliminary study of a Georgia O'Keeffe pastel drawing using XRF and μXRD

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn B. Brostoff ◽  
Catherine I. Maynor ◽  
Robert J. Speakman
Keyword(s):  
Lead Oxide ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Pigment Layer ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Georgia O'keeffe ◽  
Red Lead ◽  
Lead Oxides ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Yellow Pigments ◽  
Xrf Analyses

X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) and micro-X-ray diffraction (μXRD) were used to analyze the composition of pigments on a pastel drawing, Special No. 32, by Georgia O’Keeffe. XRF analyses showed that, among other pigments present in the drawing, the red, orange, and yellow pigments may possibly be identified with lead- and chromium-based pigments: lead chromates, red and yellow lead oxides, and/or lead carbonates, plus calcium-based pastel fillers, such as whiting or gypsum. XRD examination of a sample removed from a dark mottled area of coral red pastel confirmed that this pigment layer, which is associated with a darkened appearance and high Pb:Cr ratios, matches the red lead oxide, minium (2PbO⋅PbO2).

Wood Petrifaction: and aspect of biomineralogy

1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 377 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Scurfield
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Intercellular Substance ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Colloidal Form ◽  
Cell Lumina ◽  
Mineral Deposition ◽  
Wall Components ◽  
Scanning Electron

Light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and differential thermal analysis have been used to examine the structure and mineralogical make-up of 79 Australian petrified woods. Initiation of petrifaction appears to rely on the provision of a substrate with inherent porosity, with the substrate components chemically rather inert and only slowly degraded at normal temperatures and pressures under conditions probably most often acid and tending to anaerobic, and the pores sufficiently large to allow access of an appropriate mineral in ionic or colloidal form in water. Stages in the process include entry of mineral solution into the wood via splits or checks, cell lumina, and other voids; permeation of cell walls; progressive dissolution of cell wall components beginning largely with lignin and accompanied by a build-up of a mineral framework adequate for maintaining the dimensional stability of the wood; mineral deposition in cell lumina after cell wall replacement as a continuous, intermittent, perhaps separate, but not obligatory event; mineral deposition in voids present or formed by dissolution of intercellular substance as a separate, but not obligatory event; and final lithification involving loss of water and perhaps replacement of one mineral by another.

EMR Spectra of Iron-Based Nanoparticles Produced by Dissimilatory Bacteria

2009 ◽  
Vol 152-153 ◽  
pp. 415-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu.A. Koksharov ◽  
N.I. Chistyakova ◽  
D.G. Zavarzina ◽  
I.A. Treninkov ◽  
S.N. Polyakov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Iron Reduction ◽  
Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Metabolic Products ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Partial Crystallization ◽  
Iron Based

We have studied electron magnetic resonance spectra of iron-oxide nanoparticles related to iron reduction metabolism of dissimilatory bacterium Thermincola ferriacetica. It is found that the resonance parameters of metabolic products change notably with time. The X-ray diffraction data indicates partial crystallization of iron oxide during long time storage under air open conditions.

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