scholarly journals Layer and rhythm specificity for predictive routing

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (49) ◽  
pp. 31459-31469 ◽  
Author(s):  
André M. Bastos ◽  
Mikael Lundqvist ◽  
Ayan S. Waite ◽  
Nancy Kopell ◽  
Earl K. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Coding ◽  
Superficial Layer ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Beta Power ◽  
Deep Layers ◽  
Eye Field ◽  
Area 7A ◽  
Posterior Parietal ◽  
Alpha Beta ◽  
High Beta

In predictive coding, experience generates predictions that attenuate the feeding forward of predicted stimuli while passing forward unpredicted “errors.” Different models have suggested distinct cortical layers, and rhythms implement predictive coding. We recorded spikes and local field potentials from laminar electrodes in five cortical areas (visual area 4 [V4], lateral intraparietal [LIP], posterior parietal area 7A, frontal eye field [FEF], and prefrontal cortex [PFC]) while monkeys performed a task that modulated visual stimulus predictability. During predictable blocks, there was enhanced alpha (8 to 14 Hz) or beta (15 to 30 Hz) power in all areas during stimulus processing and prestimulus beta (15 to 30 Hz) functional connectivity in deep layers of PFC to the other areas. Unpredictable stimuli were associated with increases in spiking and in gamma-band (40 to 90 Hz) power/connectivity that fed forward up the cortical hierarchy via superficial-layer cortex. Power and spiking modulation by predictability was stimulus specific. Alpha/beta power in LIP, FEF, and PFC inhibited spiking in deep layers of V4. Area 7A uniquely showed increases in high-beta (∼22 to 28 Hz) power/connectivity to unpredictable stimuli. These results motivate a conceptual model, predictive routing. It suggests that predictive coding may be implemented via lower-frequency alpha/beta rhythms that “prepare” pathways processing-predicted inputs by inhibiting feedforward gamma rhythms and associated spiking.

scholarly journals Layer and rhythm specificity for predictive routing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
André M. Bastos ◽  
Mikael Lundqvist ◽  
Ayan S. Waite ◽  
Nancy Kopell ◽  
Earl K. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Deep Layer ◽  
Predictive Coding ◽  
Superficial Layer ◽  
Field Potentials ◽  
Cortex Area ◽  
Cortical Hierarchy ◽  
Area 7A ◽  
Gamma Rhythms ◽  
Alpha Beta ◽  
High Beta

SummaryIn predictive coding, experience generates predictions that attenuate the feeding forward of predicted stimuli while passing forward unpredicted “errors”. Different models have different neural implementations of predictive coding. We recorded spikes and local field potentials from laminar electrodes in five cortical areas (V4, LIP, area 7A, FEF, and PFC) while monkeys performed a task that modulated visual stimulus predictability. Pre-stimulus predictions were associated with increased alpha/beta (8-30 Hz) power/coherence that fed back the cortical hierarchy primarily via deep-layer cortex. Unpredictable stimuli were associated with increases in spiking and in gamma-band (40-90 Hz) power/coherence that fed forward up the cortical hierarchy via superficial-layer cortex. Area 7A uniquely showed increases in high-beta (~22-28 Hz) power/coherence to unpredicted stimuli. These results suggest that predictive coding may be implemented via lower-frequency alpha/beta rhythms that “prepare” pathways processing predicted inputs by inhibiting feedforward gamma rhythms and associated spiking.

scholarly journals Entrainment of local synchrony reveals a causal role for high-beta right frontal oscillations in human visual consciousness

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marine Vernet ◽  
Chloé Stengel ◽  
Romain Quentin ◽  
Julià L. Amengual ◽  
Antoni Valero-Cabré
Keyword(s):  
Visual Detection ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Detection Sensitivity ◽  
Oscillatory Activity ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Beta Power ◽  
Phase Alignment ◽  
Eye Field ◽  
High Beta

Abstract Prior evidence supports a critical role of oscillatory activity in visual cognition, but are cerebral oscillations simply correlated or causally linked to our ability to consciously acknowledge the presence of a target in our visual field? Here, EEG signals were recorded on humans performing a visual detection task, while they received brief patterns of rhythmic or random transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) delivered to the right Frontal Eye Field (FEF) prior to the onset of a lateralized target. TMS entrained oscillations, i.e., increased high-beta power and phase alignment (the latter to a higher extent for rhythmic high-beta patterns than random patterns) while also boosting visual detection sensitivity. Considering post-hoc only those participants in which rhythmic stimulation enhanced visual detection, the magnitude of high-beta entrainment correlated with left visual performance increases. Our study provides evidence in favor of a causal link between high-beta oscillatory activity in the Frontal Eye Field and visual detection. Furthermore, it supports future applications of brain stimulation to manipulate local synchrony and improve or restore impaired visual behaviors.

scholarly journals Laminar recordings in frontal cortex suggest distinct layers for maintenance and control of working memory

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (5) ◽  
pp. 1117-1122 ◽  
Author(s):  
André M. Bastos ◽  
Roman Loonis ◽  
Simon Kornblith ◽  
Mikael Lundqvist ◽  
Earl K. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Superficial Layer ◽  
Field Potentials ◽  
Beta Band ◽  
Connectivity Patterns ◽  
Deep Layers ◽  
Alpha Beta ◽  
And Control ◽  
Laminar Specificity

All of the cerebral cortex has some degree of laminar organization. These different layers are composed of neurons with distinct connectivity patterns, embryonic origins, and molecular profiles. There are little data on the laminar specificity of cognitive functions in the frontal cortex, however. We recorded neuronal spiking/local field potentials (LFPs) using laminar probes in the frontal cortex (PMd, 8A, 8B, SMA/ACC, DLPFC, and VLPFC) of monkeys performing working memory (WM) tasks. LFP power in the gamma band (50–250 Hz) was strongest in superficial layers, and LFP power in the alpha/beta band (4–22 Hz) was strongest in deep layers. Memory delay activity, including spiking and stimulus-specific gamma bursting, was predominately in superficial layers. LFPs from superficial and deep layers were synchronized in the alpha/beta bands. This was primarily unidirectional, with alpha/beta bands in deep layers driving superficial layer activity. The phase of deep layer alpha/beta modulated superficial gamma bursting associated with WM encoding. Thus, alpha/beta rhythms in deep layers may regulate the superficial layer gamma bands and hence maintenance of the contents of WM.

Macaque Frontal Eye Field Input to Saccade-Related Neurons in the Superior Colliculus

2003 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 1046-1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet O. Helminski ◽  
Mark A. Segraves
Keyword(s):  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Specific Class ◽  
Related Activity ◽  
Deep Layers ◽  
Eye Field ◽  
Visuomotor Tasks ◽  
Superior Colliculus Neurons ◽  
Made In

Extracellular recordings were made simultaneously in the frontal eye field and superior colliculus in awake, behaving rhesus monkeys. Frontal eye field microstimulation was used to orthodromically activate the superior colliculus both to locate the depth of the strongest frontal eye field input to the superior colliculus and to identify superior colliculus neurons receiving direct frontal eye field input. The activity of orthodromically driven colliculus neurons was characterized during visuomotor tasks. The purpose of this study was to identify the types of superior colliculus neurons that receive excitatory frontal eye field input. We found that microstimulation of the frontal eye field did not activate the superficial layers of the superior colliculus but did activate the deeper layers. This pattern of activation coincided with the prevalence of visual versus saccade-related activity in the superficial and deep layers. A total of 83 orthodromically driven superior colliculus neurons were identified. Of these neurons, 93% ( n = 77) exhibited a burst of activity associated with the onset of the saccade, and 25% ( n = 21) exhibited prelude/build-up activity prior to the onset of a saccade. In addition, it was common to see some activity synchronized with the onset of a visual target (30%, n = 25). In single neurons, these activity profiles could be observed alone or in combination. Superior colliculus neurons that were exclusively visual, however, were not excited by frontal eye field stimulation. We compared the activity of superior colliculus neurons that received frontal eye field input to descriptions of saccade-related neurons made in earlier reports and found that the distribution of neuron types in the orthodromically driven population was similar to the distribution within the overall population. This suggests that the frontal eye field does not selectively influence a specific class of collicular neurons, but, instead has a direct influence on all preparatory, and saccade-related activity within the deep layers of the superior colliculus.

scholarly journals Two subdivisions of macaque LIP process visual-oculomotor information differently

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (41) ◽  
pp. E6263-E6270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mo Chen ◽  
Bing Li ◽  
Jing Guang ◽  
Linyu Wei ◽  
Si Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Stimulation ◽  
Field Potential ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Express Saccades ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Lateral Intraparietal Cortex ◽  
Persistent Memory ◽  
Deep Layers ◽  
Eye Field ◽  
Saccade Task

Although the cerebral cortex is thought to be composed of functionally distinct areas, the actual parcellation of area and assignment of function are still highly controversial. An example is the much-studied lateral intraparietal cortex (LIP). Despite the general agreement that LIP plays an important role in visual-oculomotor transformation, it remains unclear whether the area is primary sensory- or motor-related (the attention-intention debate). Although LIP has been considered as a functionally unitary area, its dorsal (LIPd) and ventral (LIPv) parts differ in local morphology and long-distance connectivity. In particular, LIPv has much stronger connections with two oculomotor centers, the frontal eye field and the deep layers of the superior colliculus, than does LIPd. Such anatomical distinctions imply that compared with LIPd, LIPv might be more involved in oculomotor processing. We tested this hypothesis physiologically with a memory saccade task and a gap saccade task. We found that LIP neurons with persistent memory activities in memory saccade are primarily provoked either by visual stimulation (vision-related) or by both visual and saccadic events (vision-saccade–related) in gap saccade. The distribution changes from predominantly vision-related to predominantly vision-saccade–related as the recording depth increases along the dorsal-ventral dimension. Consistently, the simultaneously recorded local field potential also changes from visual evoked to saccade evoked. Finally, local injection of muscimol (GABA agonist) in LIPv, but not in LIPd, dramatically decreases the proportion of express saccades. With these results, we conclude that LIPd and LIPv are more involved in visual and visual-saccadic processing, respectively.

scholarly journals Entrainment of local synchrony reveals a causal role for high-beta right frontal oscillations in human visual consciousness

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marine Vernet ◽  
Chloé Stengel ◽  
Romain Quentin ◽  
Julià L. Amengual ◽  
Antoni Valero-Cabré
Keyword(s):  
Visual Detection ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Oscillatory Activity ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Phase Alignment ◽  
Visual Behaviors ◽  
Eye Field ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Beta

AbstractPrior evidence supports the critical role of oscillatory activity in cognitive function, but are cerebral oscillations simply correlated or causally linked to specific aspects of visual cognition? Here, EEG signals were recorded on humans performing a conscious visual detection task, while they received briefrhythmicorrandomnoninvasive stimulation patterns delivered to the right Frontal Eye Field prior to the onset of a lateralized target. Compared torandompatterns,rhythmichigh-beta patterns led to greater entrainment of local oscillations (i.e., increased power and phase alignment at the stimulation frequency), and to higher conscious detection of contralateral targets. When stimulation succeeded in enhancing visual detection, the magnitude of oscillation entrainment correlated with visual performance increases. Our study demonstrates a causal link between high-beta oscillatory activity in the Frontal Eye Field and conscious visual perception. Furthermore, it supports future applications of brain stimulation to manipulate local synchrony and improve or restore impaired visual behaviors.

scholarly journals Saccades, attentional orienting and disengagement: the effects of anodal tDCS over right posterior parietal cortex (PPC) and frontal eye field (FEF)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Diana ◽  
Patrick Pilastro ◽  
Edoardo N. Aiello ◽  
Aleksandra K. Eberhard-Moscicka ◽  
René M. Müri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parietal Cortex ◽  
Posterior Parietal Cortex ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Gap Effect ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Attentional Orienting ◽  
Eye Field ◽  
Posterior Parietal ◽  
The Right

ABSTRACTIn the present work, we applied anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) and frontal eye field (FEF) of the right hemisphere in healthy subjects to modulate attentional orienting and disengagement in a gap-overlap task. Both stimulations led to bilateral improvements in saccadic reaction times (SRTs), with larger effects for gap trials. However, analyses showed that the gap effect was not affected by tDCS. Importantly, we observed significant effects of baseline performance that may mediate side- and task-specific effects of brain stimulation.

The Saccadic System

2015 ◽  
pp. 169-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. John Leigh ◽  
David S. Zee
Keyword(s):  
Posterior Parietal Cortex ◽  
Laboratory Evaluation ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Supplementary Eye Field ◽  
System P ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Substrate Properties ◽  
Eye Field ◽  
Posterior Parietal ◽  
Parietal Eye

This chapter reviews the behavioral properties of rapid eye movements, ranging from quick phases of nystagmus to cognitively controlled saccades, and their neural substrate. Properties of various types of saccades are described, including express saccades, memory-guided saccades, antisaccades, and saccades during visual search and reading. Current concepts of regions important for the generation of saccades are reviewed, integrating results of functional imaging and electrophysiology, including brainstem burst neurons and omnipause neurons, the superior colliculus, frontal eye field, supplementary eye field, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, posterior parietal cortex, parietal eye field, thalamus, pulvinar, caudate, substantia nigra pars reticulata, subthalamic nucleus, cerebellar dorsal vermis, and fastigial nucleus. Saccade adaptation to novel visual demands is discussed, and the interaction between saccades and eyelid movements (blinks). Mathematical models of saccades are discussed. Clinical and laboratory evaluation of saccades and the pathophysiology of saccadic disorders, from slow saccades to opsoclonus, are reviewed.

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