scholarly journals Molecular analysis of black coatings and anointing fluids from ancient Egyptian coffins, mummy cases, and funerary objects

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (18) ◽  
pp. e2100885118
Author(s):  
Kate Fulcher ◽  
Margaret Serpico ◽  
John H. Taylor ◽  
Rebecca Stacey
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Dead Sea ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Selected Ion Monitoring ◽  
Ancient Egyptian ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Multiple Samples

Black organic coatings and ritual deposits on ancient Egyptian coffins and cartonnage cases are important and understudied sources of evidence about the rituals of funerary practice. Sometimes, the coatings were applied extensively over the surface of the coffin, resembling paint; in other cases, they were poured over the mummy case or wrapped body, presumably as part of a funerary ritual. For this study, multiple samples of black coatings and ritual liquids were taken from 20 Egyptian funerary items dating to a specific time period (c. 943 to 716 BC). Multiple sampling from each object enabled several comparisons to be made: the variability of the black coating within one application, the variability between two applications on one object, and the variability from object to object. All samples were analyzed for lipids using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and 51 samples from across the 20 items were further analyzed for the presence of bitumen using solid phase separation followed by selected ion monitoring GC-MS. The majority of the black substances were found to comprise a complex mixture of organic materials, including bitumen from the Dead Sea, conifer resin, and Pistacia resin, providing evidence for a continuation in international trade between Egypt and the eastern Mediterranean after the Late Bronze Age. Both the coating and the anointing liquid are very similar to mummification balms, pointing to parallels with Egyptian embalming rituals and raising questions about the practical aspects of Egyptian funerary practice.

Simultaneous Determination of Alachlor, Metolachlor, Atrazine, and Simazine in Water and Soil by Isotope Dilution Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

1989 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 349-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Q Huang
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Simultaneous Determination ◽  
Isotope Dilution ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Selected Ion Monitoring ◽  
Chromatography Mass Spectrometry

Abstract A multiresidue method was developed for the simultaneous determination of low parts per billion (ppb) concentrations of the herbicides alachlor, metolachlor, atrazine, and simazine in water and soil using isotope dilution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Known amounts of 15N,13C-alachlor and 2H5-atrazine were added to each sample as internal standards. The samples were then prepared by a solid phase extraction with no further cleanup. A high resolution GC/low resolution MS system with data acquisition in selected ion monitoring mode was used to quantitate herbicides in the extract. The limit of detection was 0.05 ppb for water and 0.5 ppb for soil. Accuracy greater than 80% and precision better than 4% was demonstrated with spiked samples.

scholarly journals Quantitative Evaluation of Benzene, Toluene, and Xylene in the Larvae of Drosophila melanogaster by Solid-Phase Microextraction/Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry for Potential Use in Toxicological Studies

2010 ◽  
Vol 93 (5) ◽  
pp. 1595-1599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohana Krishna Reddy Mudiam ◽  
Mahendra Pratap Singh ◽  
Debapratim Kar Chowdhuri ◽  
Ramesh Chandra Murthy
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase Microextraction ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Selected Ion Monitoring ◽  
External Calibration Curve ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
Drosophila Larvae ◽  
Good Repeatability ◽  
Benzene Toluene

Abstract A simple, rapid, and solvent-free method for quantitative determination of benzene, toluene, and Xylene in exposed Drosophila larvae was developed using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled to GC/MS. Larvae fed on standard Drosophila food mixed with benzene, toluene, and Xylene for 48 h were homogenized in Milli-Q water. Extraction of benzene, toluene, and Xylene was performed at 65C for 30 min on the SPME fiber (silica-fused). Subsequently, the fiber was desorbed in the GC injection port, followed by GC/MS analysis in the selected-ion monitoring mode. An external calibration curve was used for the quantification of benzene, toluene, and Xylene in the exposed organism. Recoveries were in the range of 78-82% (intraday) and 76-81% (interday) in larvae, and 9196 (intraday) and 87-92% (interday) in the diet. LOD with an S/N of 3:1 and LOQ with an S/N of 10:1 were in the range of 0.010.023 and 0.0340.077 µg/L, respectively. Percent RSD values for benzene, toluene, and Xylene were in the range of 0.500.81 (intraday) and 0.891.23 (interday) for retention time, and 2.163.85 (intraday) and 2.994.95 (interday) for peak concentration, showing good repeatability. This method was sensitive enough to quantitate benzene, toluene, and Xylene in small exposed organisms like Drosophila larvae. The SPME/GC/MS method developed may have wider applications in various in vivo toxicological studies.

The Determination of Eight Pesticides in Panax notoginseng of Chinese Traditional Medicine Using Solid-Phase Extraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

2012 ◽  
Vol 485 ◽  
pp. 68-71
Author(s):  
Na Wu ◽  
Yu Da Zhang ◽  
Wei Liu ◽  
Ping Yi ◽  
Ze Feng Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Solid Phase Extraction ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Panax Notoginseng ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Phase Extraction ◽  
Selected Ion Monitoring ◽  
Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Relative Standard

A simple and effective extraction method based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) was developed to determine chlorothalonil, metalaxyl, triadimefon, dimetachlone, procymidone, flumetralin, oxadixyl and iprodione in Panax Notoginseng using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring (GC/MS, SIM). The prepared samples were analysed with GC-MS in the selected ion monitoring mode (SIM) using one target and two or three qualitative ions for each analyte. In the method, hexane - dichloromethane（6:4，v/v）was selected to effectively extract the pesticides from the Panax Notoginseng samples. Solid-phase extraction was carried out using Supelclean ENVI-Carb/NH2 SPE Column with acetonitrile-toluene (3:1, v/v) as the eluted solvent. In the linear range of each pesticide, the correlation coefficient was R2≥0.99. The limit of detection ranged from 0.001 to 0.05 µg.mL-1, average recoveries ranged from 79.80% to 95.00%, with relative standard deviations between 1.96% and 4.32% for all 8 pesticides.They were readily achieved with this method for all tested pesticides.

Simultaneous Analysis of Simple Coumarins and Furocoumarines in Cigarettes by Solid-Phase Extraction with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

2017 ◽  
Vol 100 (5) ◽  
pp. 1559-1564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Zheng ◽  
Xiuli Xu ◽  
Fei Yuan ◽  
Meiyi Yao ◽  
Shunli Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Solid Phase Extraction ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Phase Extraction ◽  
Selected Ion Monitoring ◽  
Oasis Hlb ◽  
Coumarin 6

Abstract A sensitive, high-throughput analytical method based on a GC-MS method was established for the simultaneous quantitative determination of two categories of harmful coumarins: simple coumarins (coumarin, 6-methylcoumarin, 7-methoxycoumarin, 3,4-dihydrocoumarin, and 7-ethoxy-4-methylcoumarin) and furocoumarines (psoralen, 8-methoxypsoralen, 5-methoxypsoralen, and trioxysalen). The nine analytes were extracted with ethyl acetate, purified with Oasis HLB solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges, and identified and quantitatively determined by GC-MS in selected-ion monitoring mode. The LODs and LOQs of these compounds were in the ranges of 12.5–21.2 and 41.6–70.0 μg/kg, respectively. Average recoveries for the nine analytes ranged from 72.7 to 86.6% atLOQ, 1.5× LOQ, and 2× LOQ spike levels, with RSDs that were typically lower than 5.1%. TheSPE-GC-MS method developed in this study was initially applied to research coumarins in cigarette samples; it proved to be accurate, sensitive, convenient, and practical.

scholarly journals A Novel Application of Natural Peat for Solid-Phase Extraction of Pyrimethanil, Flumetralin, and Kresoxim-Methyl in Water Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Alex S. M. S. J. Santos ◽  
Adriano Aquino ◽  
Luciane P. C. Romão ◽  
Sandro Navickiene
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Solid Phase Extraction ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Phase Extraction ◽  
Selected Ion Monitoring ◽  
Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Detection And Quantification

Natural peat was tested for extraction of pyrimethanil, flumetralin, and krexosim-methyl from water, with analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in selected ion monitoring mode (SIM). Experiments were carried out at one fortification level (0.1 μg L−1) and resulted in recoveries in the range 41–96%, with RSD values between 6.8 and 12.6% for natural peat as sorbent. Detection and quantification limits ranged from 0.02 to 0.05 μg L−1 and from 0.07 to 0.1 μg L−1, respectively, for the different pesticides studied. The method developed was linear over the range tested (0.07–4.0 μg L−1), with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.9919 to 0.9989. Comparison between peat and commercial sorbents (C18-bonded silica, ENVI-Carb, Florisil, silica gel, ENVI-Carb/LC-NH2) showed better performance of peat sorbent for flumetralin and kresoxim-methyl.

scholarly journals The migrations of the Sea Peoples circa 1200 BC according to written sources, narrative tradition and archaeology

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 1233-1248
Author(s):  
A. V. Safronov
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Ancient Egyptian ◽  
Narrative Tradition ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Sea Peoples ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Written Sources

The article deals with the Sea Peoples’ migrations at the beginning of 12th century BC. It is based on ancient Egyptian written sources, archaeological data and Greek narrative tradition. The author tries to reconstruct the general stages of Late Bronze Age ethnical movements in the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean at the end of the 13th – beginning the 12th centuries BC. The author shows that the Sea peoples’ movement was not homogeneous. Moreover, not all the Sea Peoples can be considered as migrants. The tribes of Shekelesh and Weshesh were the typical sea raiders who plundered the rich centres of the Eastern Mediterranean. The possible reason for the Peleset, Theker and Turša migration seems to be the war which devastated their homeland in north-eastern Anatolia between 1208/1203 и 1195 BC. The appearance of the Denyen in Sea Peoples’ movement must be connected with the destructions of Mycenaean centres in Southern Greece circa 1200 BC. Their inhabitants left their homeland and migrated to the different regions of the Aegean, Anatolia, Eastern and Western Mediterranean. The Sea Peoples’ migrations were only the first stage of global ethnic movements in Eurasia at the end of the Bronze Age which totally changed the ethnopolitical map of Southern Europe, Anatolia and Eastern Mediterranean.

scholarly journals Study of chloroanisoles assay and tca assay validation in wine and cork stoppers soaked in dilute alcohol solution using SIDA-HSSPME-GC-MS/EI-SIM*

OENO One ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Pascal Chatonnet ◽  
Dominique Labadie ◽  
Stéphane Boutou
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Selected Ion Monitoring ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
Stable Isotope Dilution ◽  
Isotope Dilution Assay ◽  
Industrial Monitoring ◽  
Iso 5725 ◽  
Cork Stoppers

<p style="text-align: justify;">The work we present in this article aims at optimizing and validating the assay technique based on SIDA-HSSPMEGC- MS/EI-SIM by means of intra-laboratory trials (NF V03-110 AFNOR 1998 and MA-F-AS1-06-PROVAL (OIV)) on several chloroanisoles (2,4,6-trichloroanisole, 2,3,4,6-tetrachloroanisole, 2,3,4,5,6-pentachloroanisole) likely to contaminate wine by direct or indirect contact, in order to define the precise characteristics and limitations of the method.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">We showed this technique to be a specific, accurate, linear, and repeatable method. Moreover, seeing the increasing reliance on this type of approach in scientific research and industrial monitoring laboratories (ISO/TC87/GT10) to assess the quality of cork stoppers and because of the important quantity of 2,4,6-Trichloroanisole present in this kind of material, we deemed appropriate to carry out an inter-laboratory study (ISO 5725-1,2,3,4 and 5) of TCA assays on dilute alcohol soaks of corks using the same method. Our results should make it easier to understand and interpret assay results obtained in different laboratories using the same technique.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> </p><p style="text-align: justify;">* : Stable Isotope Dilution Assay - Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction - Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry / Electron Impact / Selected Ion Monitoring.</p>

scholarly journals Determination of Ttace Levels of Dichlorprop, Mecoprop, Clofibric Acid, and Naphthylacetic Acid in Soil by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry with Selected-Ion Monitoring

1996 ◽  
Vol 79 (6) ◽  
pp. 1428-1433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Heberer ◽  
Hans-Juergen Stan
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Clofibric Acid ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Aqueous Acetic Acid ◽  
Selected Ion Monitoring ◽  
Sample Extract ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Naphthylacetic Acid

Abstract A sensitive analytical method was developed for determining trace levels of dichlorprop, mecoprop, clofibric acid, and naphthylacetic acid in soil samples. The method applies extraction with acetone and aqueous acetic acid followed by solid-phase extraction as the first cleanup step. After target analytes are derivatized with pentafluorobenzyl bromide, they are determined by capillary gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry with selectedion monitoring. Further cleanup of sample extract by gel permeation chromatography prevented the GC system from being contaminated with matrix compounds, although in most cases, it was not necessary. Limits of detection and quantitation as low as 0.1 and 1 ppb, respectively, were achieved. Recoveries of all analytes were &gt;90%, with relative standard deviations of &lt;10%.

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