scholarly journals Repeating caldera collapse events constrain fault friction at the kilometer scale

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (30) ◽  
pp. e2101469118
Author(s):  
Paul Segall ◽  
Kyle Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Caldera Collapse ◽  
Stick Slip ◽  
Fault Friction ◽  
Rate And State Friction ◽  
Summit Caldera ◽  
Eruption Volume ◽  
Friction Parameters ◽  
Magma System ◽  
Precursory Slip

Fault friction is central to understanding earthquakes, yet laboratory rock mechanics experiments are restricted to, at most, meter scale. Questions thus remain as to the applicability of measured frictional properties to faulting in situ. In particular, the slip-weakening distance dc strongly influences precursory slip during earthquake nucleation, but scales with fault roughness and is challenging to extrapolate to nature. The 2018 eruption of K̄ılauea volcano, Hawaii, caused 62 repeatable collapse events in which the summit caldera dropped several meters, accompanied by MW 4.7 to 5.4 very long period (VLP) earthquakes. Collapses were exceptionally well recorded by global positioning system (GPS) and tilt instruments and represent unique natural kilometer-scale friction experiments. We model a piston collapsing into a magma reservoir. Pressure at the piston base and shear stress on its margin, governed by rate and state friction, balance its weight. Downward motion of the piston compresses the underlying magma, driving flow to the eruption. Monte Carlo estimation of unknowns validates laboratory friction parameters at the kilometer scale, including the magnitude of steady-state velocity weakening. The absence of accelerating precollapse deformation constrains dc to be ≤10 mm, potentially much less. These results support the use of laboratory friction laws and parameters for modeling earthquakes. We identify initial conditions and material and magma-system parameters that lead to episodic caldera collapse, revealing that small differences in eruptive vent elevation can lead to major differences in eruption volume and duration. Most historical basaltic caldera collapses were, at least partly, episodic, implying that the conditions for stick–slip derived here are commonly met in nature.

Numerical Study of an Impact Oscillator

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kannan Marudachalam ◽  
Faruk H. Bursal
Keyword(s):  
Dynamical Systems ◽  
Numerical Algorithm ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Harmonic Excitation ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Constrained Systems ◽  
Global Dynamics ◽  
Impact Oscillator ◽  
Stick Slip

Abstract Systems with discontinuous dynamics can be found in diverse disciplines. Meshing gears with backlash, impact dampers, relative motion of components that exhibit stick-slip phenomena axe but a few examples from mechanical systems. These form a class of dynamical systems where the nonlinearity is so severe that analysis becomes formidable, especially when global behavior needs to be known. Only recently have researchers attempted to investigate such systems in terms of modern dynamical systems theory. In this work, an impact oscillator with two-sided rigid constraints is used as a paradigm for studying the characteristics of discontinuous dynamical systems. The oscillator has zero stiffness and is subjected to harmonic excitation. The system is linear without impacts. However, the impacts introduce nonlinearity and dissipation (assuming inelastic impacts). A numerical algorithm is developed for studying the global dynamics of the system. A peculiar type of solution in which the trajectories in phase space from a certain set of initial conditions merge in finite time, making the dynamics non-invertible, is investigated. Also, the effect of “grazing,” a behavior common to constrained systems, on the dynamics of the system is studied. Based on the experience gained in studying this system, the need for an efficient general-purpose numerical algorithm for solving discontinuous dynamical systems is motivated. Investigation of stress, vibration, wear, noise, etc. that are associated with impact phenomena can benefit greatly from such an algorithm.

The 2018 rift eruption and summit collapse of Kīlauea Volcano

Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 363 (6425) ◽  
pp. 367-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Neal ◽  
S. R. Brantley ◽  
L. Antolik ◽  
J. L. Babb ◽  
M. Burgess ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rift Zone ◽  
Kilauea Volcano ◽  
Caldera Collapse ◽  
Flow Volume ◽  
Kīlauea Volcano ◽  
Historical Observation ◽  
Magma System ◽  
Volume Estimates ◽  
Earthquake Moment ◽  
Eruptive Fissures

In 2018, Kīlauea Volcano experienced its largest lower East Rift Zone (LERZ) eruption and caldera collapse in at least 200 years. After collapse of the Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō vent on 30 April, magma propagated downrift. Eruptive fissures opened in the LERZ on 3 May, eventually extending ~6.8 kilometers. A 4 May earthquake [moment magnitude (Mw) 6.9] produced ~5 meters of fault slip. Lava erupted at rates exceeding 100 cubic meters per second, eventually covering 35.5 square kilometers. The summit magma system partially drained, producing minor explosions and near-daily collapses releasing energy equivalent toMw4.7 to 5.4 earthquakes. Activity declined rapidly on 4 August. Summit collapse and lava flow volume estimates are roughly equivalent—about 0.8 cubic kilometers. Careful historical observation and monitoring of Kīlauea enabled successful forecasting of hazardous events.

Very-Long-Period (VLP) Seismic Artifacts during the 2018 Caldera Collapse at Kīlauea, Hawai‘i

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 3417-3432
Author(s):  
Ashton F. Flinders ◽  
Ingrid A. Johanson ◽  
Phillip B. Dawson ◽  
Kyle R. Anderson ◽  
Matthew M. Haney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amplitude Spectrum ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Seismic Signal ◽  
Sinc Function ◽  
Caldera Collapse ◽  
Velocity Amplitude ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Ramp Function ◽  
Instrument Response ◽  
Summit Caldera

Abstract Throughout the 2018 eruption of Kīlauea volcano (Hawai‘i), episodic collapses of a portion of the volcano’s summit caldera produced repeated Mw 4.9–5.3 earthquakes. Each of these 62 events was characterized by a very-long-period (VLP) seismic signal (>40  s). Although collapses in the later stage of the eruption produced earthquakes with significant amplitude clipping on near-summit broadband seismometers, the first 12 were accurately recorded. For these initial collapse events, we compare average VLP seismograms at six near-summit locations to synthetic seismograms derived from displacements at collocated Global Positioning System stations. We show that the VLP seismic signal was generated by a radially outward and upward ramp function in displacement. We propose that at local distances the period of the VLP seismic signal is solely dependent on the duration of this ramp function and the instrument transfer function, that is, the seismic VLP is an artifact of the bandlimited instrument response and not representative of real ground motion. The displacement ramp function imposes a sinc-function velocity amplitude spectrum that cannot be fully recovered through standard seismic instrument deconvolution. Any near-summit VLP signals in instrument-response-corrected velocity or displacement seismograms from these collapse events are subject to severe band limitation. Similarly, the seismic amplitude response is not flat through the low-frequency corner, for example, instrument-response-uncorrected seismograms scaled by instrument sensitivity are equally prone to band limitation. This observation is crucial when attempting to clarify the different contributions to the VLP source signature. Not accounting for this effect could lead to misunderstanding of the magmatic processes involved.

Thermal Instability of Sliding and Oscillations Due to Frictional Heating Effect

1988 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. L. Maksimov
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Instability ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Frictional Heating ◽  
Interface Temperature ◽  
Heating Effect ◽  
Stick Slip ◽  
Instability Development ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Sliding Dynamics ◽  
Sliding Instability

The stability of sliding has been studied, taking into account frictional heating effect and friction coefficient dependence upon the interface temperature and sliding velocity. The collective—thermal and mechanical—sliding instability has been found to exist; instability emergence conditions and dynamics (both in linear and nonlinear stages) have been determined. It is shown that both the threshold and the dynamics of thermofrictional instability differ qualitatively from the analogous characteristics of “stick-slip” phenomenon. Namely, the oscillational instability behavior due to the energy exchange between thermal and mechanical modes has been found to occur under certain initial conditions; the velocities range has been determined for which collective sliding instability may occur whereas the stick-slips would be not possible. The nonlinear analysis of instability evolution has been carried out for pairs with the negative thermal-frictional sliding characteristics, the final stage of sliding dynamics has been described. It is found that stable thermofrictional oscillations can occur on the nonlinear stage of sliding instability development; the oscillations frequency and amplitude have been determined. The possibility has been discussed of the experimental observation of new dynamical sliding phenomena at low temperatures.

Influencing Factors on Stick-Slip Behavior of a Ball Screw Driven Elevation Mechanism for MLRS

2012 ◽  
Vol 271-272 ◽  
pp. 958-968
Author(s):  
Young Hyu Choi ◽  
Sung Hyun Jang ◽  
Ji Han Oh
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Ball Screw ◽  
Force Model ◽  
Stick Slip ◽  
Single Degree Of Freedom ◽  
Stribeck Effect ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Friction Parameters ◽  
The Mathematical Model ◽  
Rocket System

As an MLRS (Multiple Launch Rocket System) cage is moved with a uniform speed through an elevation mechanism for MRLS operated using ball screws, its stick-slip behavior can be observed by the friction in a ball screw actuator. In this study, a single-degree of freedom mathematical model of an MLRS elevation system is designed and its stick-slip behavior is analyzed using a friction force model considering the Stribeck effect. The stability of a vibration system is analyzed through deriving an equation of normalized motion for the mathematical model and the influences of mechanical parameters and friction parameters on the vibration response and stability are theoretically analyzed.

scholarly journals Fault friction parameters inferred from the early stages of afterslip following the 2003 Tokachi‐oki earthquake

2009 ◽  
Vol 114 (B4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun'ichi Fukuda ◽  
Kaj M. Johnson ◽  
Kristine M. Larson ◽  
Shin'ichi Miyazaki
Keyword(s):  
Fault Friction ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Friction Parameters

Stratigraphy of the Bandas del Sur Formation: an extracaldera record of Quaternary phonolitic explosive eruptions from the Las Cañadas edifice, Tenerife (Canary Islands)

1998 ◽  
Vol 135 (5) ◽  
pp. 605-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. BRYAN ◽  
J. MARTÍ ◽  
R. A. F. CAS
Keyword(s):  
Magma Mixing ◽  
Explosive Volcanism ◽  
Explosive Eruptions ◽  
Caldera Collapse ◽  
Explosive Activity ◽  
Pyroclastic Deposits ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
The Third ◽  
Effusive Activity ◽  
Summit Caldera

Explosive volcanism has dominated the large phonolitic shield volcano of Tenerife, the Las Cañadas edifice, for the last 1.5 m.y. Pyroclastic deposits of the Bandas del Sur Formation are exposed along the southern flanks, and record the last two of at least three long-term cycles of caldera-forming explosive eruptions. Each cycle began with flank fissure eruptions of alkali basalt lava, followed by minor eruptions of basanite to phonotephrite lavas. Minor phonotephritic to phonolitic lava effusions also occurred on the flanks of the edifice during the latter stages of the second explosive cycle. Non-welded plinian fall deposits and ignimbrites are the dominant explosive products preserved on the southern flanks. Of these, a significant volume has been dispersed offshore. Many pyroclastic units of the second explosive cycle exhibit compositional zonation. Banded pumice occurs in most units of the third (youngest) explosive cycle, and ignimbrites typically contain mixed phenocryst assemblages, indicating the role of magma mixing/mingling prior to eruption. At least four major eruptions of the third cycle began with phreatomagmatic activity, producing lithic-poor, accretionary lapilli-bearing fallout and/or surge deposits. The repeated, brief phase of phreatomagmatism at the onset of these eruptions is interpreted as reflecting an exhaustive water supply, probably a small caldera lake that was periodically established during the third cycle. Accidental syenite becomes an increasingly important lithic clast type in ignimbrites up-sequence, and is interpreted as recording the progressive development of a plutonic complex beneath the summit caldera.Successive eruptions during each explosive cycle increased in volume, with the largest eruption occurring at the end of the cycle. More than ten major explosive eruptions vented moderately large volumes (1−[ges ]10 km3) of phonolitic magma during the last two cycles. Culminating each explosive cycle was the emplacement of relatively large volume (>5−10 km3) ignimbrites with coarse, vent-derived lithic breccias, interpreted to record a major phase of caldera collapse. In the extracaldera record, explosive cycles are separated by ∼0.2 m.y. periods of non-explosive activity. Repose periods were characterized by erosion, remobilization of pyroclastic deposits by discharge events, and pedogenesis. The current period of non-explosive activity is characterized by the construction of the Teide-Pico Viejo stratovolcanic complex within the summit caldera. This suggests that eruptive hiatuses in the extracaldera record may reflect effusive activity and stratovolcano or shield-building phases within the summit caldera. Alternating effusive and explosive cycles have thus been important in the volcanic evolution of the Las Cañadas edifice.

scholarly journals Dynamics of Coupled Oscillators Excited by Dry Friction

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Madeleine Pascal
Keyword(s):  
Dry Friction ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Analytical Form ◽  
Contact Forces ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Stick Slip ◽  
Coulomb’S Friction ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Stick Slip Motion ◽  
Two Degree Of Freedom

In this paper, we present an analytical method to investigate the behavior of a two-degree-of-freedom oscillator excited by dry friction. The system consists of two masses connected by linear springs. These two masses are in contact with a driving belt moving at a constant velocity. The contact forces between the masses and the belt are obtained assuming Coulomb’s friction law. Two families of periodic motions are found in closed form. The first one includes stick-slip oscillations with two switches per period, the second one is also composed of stick-slip motion, but includes three switches per period. In both cases, the initial conditions and the time duration of each kind of motions (stick or slip phases) are obtained in analytical form.

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