A Specific Interaction of Small Molecule Entry Inhibitors with the Envelope Glycoprotein Complex of the Junín Hemorrhagic Fever Arenavirus

ABSTRACT The mature arenavirus envelope glycoprotein GPC is a tripartite complex comprising a stable signal peptide (SSP) in addition to the receptor-binding (G1) and transmembrane fusion (G2) subunits. We have shown previously that SSP is a key element in GPC-mediated membrane fusion, and that GPC sensitivity to acidic pH is modulated in part through the lysine residue at position 33 in the ectodomain loop of SSP (J. York and J. H. Nunberg, J. Virol. 80:7775-7780, 2006). A glutamine substitution at this position stabilizes the native GPC complex and thereby prevents the induction of pH-dependent membrane fusion. In efforts to identify the intersubunit interactions of K33, we performed alanine-scanning mutagenesis at charged residues in the membrane-proximal ectodomain of G2 and determined the ability of these mutations to rescue the fusion deficiency in K33Q GPC. Four second-site mutations that specifically complement K33Q were identified (D400A, E410A, R414A, and K417A). Moreover, complementation was also observed at three hydrophobic positions in the membrane-spanning domain of G2 (F427, W428, and F438). Interestingly, all of the complementing mutations restored wild-type pH sensitivity to the K33Q mutant, while none themselves affected the pH of membrane fusion. Our studies demonstrate a specific interaction between SSP and G2 that is involved in priming the native GPC complex for pH-induced membrane fusion. Importantly, this pH-dependent interaction has been shown to be vulnerable to small-molecule compounds that stabilize the native complex and prevent the activation of membrane fusion. A detailed mechanistic understanding of the control of GPC-mediated membrane fusion will be important in guiding the development of effective therapeutics against arenaviral hemorrhagic fever.

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The Signal Peptide of the Junín Arenavirus Envelope Glycoprotein Is Myristoylated and Forms an Essential Subunit of the Mature G1-G2 Complex

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.78.19.10783-10792.2004 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 78 (19) ◽

pp. 10783-10792 ◽

Cited By ~ 108

Author(s):

Joanne York ◽

Victor Romanowski ◽

Min Lu ◽

Jack H. Nunberg

Keyword(s):

Signal Peptide ◽

Envelope Glycoprotein ◽

Hemorrhagic Fever ◽

Gene Replacement ◽

Etiologic Agent ◽

Virus Envelope ◽

Glycoprotein Complex ◽

Amino Acid Signal Peptide ◽

Dependent Cell ◽

And Function

ABSTRACT Arenaviruses comprise a diverse family of rodent-borne viruses that are responsible for recurring and emerging outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fevers worldwide. The Junín virus, a member of the New World arenaviruses, is endemic to the pampas grasslands of Argentina and is the etiologic agent of Argentine hemorrhagic fever. In this study, we have analyzed the assembly and function of the Junín virus envelope glycoproteins. The mature envelope glycoprotein complex is proteolytically processed from the GP-C precursor polypeptide and consists of three noncovalently associated subunits, G1, G2, and a stable 58-amino-acid signal peptide. This tripartite organization is found both on virions of the attenuated Candid 1 strain and in cells expressing the pathogenic MC2 strain GP-C gene. Replacement of the Junín virus GP-C signal peptide with that of human CD4 has little effect on glycoprotein assembly while abolishing the ability of the G1-G2 complex to mediate pH-dependent cell-cell fusion. In addition, we demonstrate that the Junín virus GP-C signal peptide subunit is myristoylated at its N-terminal glycine. Alanine substitution for the modified glycine residue in the GP-C signal peptide does not affect formation of the tripartite envelope glycoprotein complex but markedly reduces its membrane fusion activity. In contrast to the classical view that signal peptides act primarily in targeting nascent polypeptides to the endoplasmic reticulum, we suggest that the signal peptide of the arenavirus GP-C may serve additional functions in envelope glycoprotein structure and trafficking.

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Small-Molecule Fusion Inhibitors Bind the pH-Sensing Stable Signal Peptide-GP2 Subunit Interface of the Lassa Virus Envelope Glycoprotein

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.00597-16 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 90 (15) ◽

pp. 6799-6807 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Sundaresh Shankar ◽

Landon R. Whitby ◽

Hedi E. Casquilho-Gray ◽

Joanne York ◽

Dale L. Boger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Small Molecule ◽

Envelope Glycoprotein ◽

Small Molecule Inhibitors ◽

Hemorrhagic Fever ◽

Lassa Virus ◽

Ph Sensing ◽

Antiviral Therapies ◽

Hemorrhagic Fevers ◽

Fusion Inhibitors ◽

Stable Signal

ABSTRACTArenavirus species are responsible for severe life-threatening hemorrhagic fevers in western Africa and South America. Without effective antiviral therapies or vaccines, these viruses pose serious public health and biodefense concerns. Chemically distinct small-molecule inhibitors of arenavirus entry have recently been identified and shown to act on the arenavirus envelope glycoprotein (GPC) to prevent membrane fusion. In the tripartite GPC complex, pH-dependent membrane fusion is triggered through a poorly understood interaction between the stable signal peptide (SSP) and the transmembrane fusion subunit GP2, and our genetic studies have suggested that these small-molecule inhibitors act at this interface to antagonize fusion activation. Here, we have designed and synthesized photoaffinity derivatives of the 4-acyl-1,6-dialkylpiperazin-2-one class of fusion inhibitors and demonstrate specific labeling of both the SSP and GP2 subunits in a native-like Lassa virus (LASV) GPC trimer expressed in insect cells. Photoaddition is competed by the parental inhibitor and other chemically distinct compounds active against LASV, but not those specific to New World arenaviruses. These studies provide direct physical evidence that these inhibitors bind at the SSP-GP2 interface. We also find that GPC containing the uncleaved GP1-GP2 precursor is not susceptible to photo-cross-linking, suggesting that proteolytic maturation is accompanied by conformational changes at this site. Detailed mapping of residues modified by the photoaffinity adducts may provide insight to guide the further development of these promising lead compounds as potential therapeutic agents to treat Lassa hemorrhagic fever.IMPORTANCEHemorrhagic fever arenaviruses cause lethal infections in humans and, in the absence of licensed vaccines or specific antiviral therapies, are recognized to pose significant threats to public health and biodefense. Lead small-molecule inhibitors that target the arenavirus envelope glycoprotein (GPC) have recently been identified and shown to block GPC-mediated fusion of the viral and cellular endosomal membranes, thereby preventing virus entry into the host cell. Genetic studies suggest that these inhibitors act through a unique pH-sensing intersubunit interface in GPC, but atomic-level structural information is unavailable. In this report, we utilize novel photoreactive fusion inhibitors and photoaffinity labeling to obtain direct physical evidence for inhibitor binding at this critical interface in Lassa virus GPC. Future identification of modified residues at the inhibitor-binding site will help elucidate the molecular basis for fusion activation and its inhibition and guide the development of effective therapies to treat arenaviral hemorrhagic fevers.

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Screening of FDA-approved Drugs and Identification of Novel Lassa Virus Entry Inhibitors

10.1101/298463 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Peilin Wang ◽

Yang Liu ◽

Guangshun Zhang ◽

Shaobo Wang ◽

Jiao Guo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Throughput Screening ◽

Transmembrane Domain ◽

Hemorrhagic Fever ◽

Mechanistic Study ◽

Lassa Virus ◽

Entry Inhibitors ◽

Glycoprotein Complex ◽

Virus Entry Inhibitors ◽

Approved Drugs ◽

Fda Approved Drugs

ABSTRACTLassa virus (LASV) belongs to the Mammarenavirus genus (family Arenaviridae) and causes severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. At present, there are no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs or vaccines specific for LASV. Herein, high-throughput screening of an FDA-approved drug library was performed against LASV entry using a pseudo-type virus enveloping LASV glycoproteins. Two hit drugs, lacidipine and phenothrin, were identified as LASV entry inhibitors in the micromolar range. A mechanistic study revealed that both drugs inhibited LASV entry by blocking low-pH-induced membrane fusion. Moreover, lacidipine irreversibly bound to the LASV glycoprotein complex (GPC), resulting in virucidal activity. Adaptive mutant analyses demonstrated that replacement of T40, located in the ectodomain of the stable-signal peptide (SSP), with lysine (K) conferred LASV resistance to lacidipine without apparent loss of the viral growth profile. Furthermore, lacidipine showed antiviral activity and specificity against both LASV and the Guanarito virus (GTOV), which is also a category A new world arenavirus. Drug-resistant variants indicate that the V36M in ectodomain of SSP mutant and V436A in the transmembrane domain of GP2 mutant conferred GTOV resistance to lacidipine, suggesting that lacidipine might act via a novel mechanism other than calcium inhibition. This study shows that both lacidipine and phenothrin are candidates for LASV therapy, and the membrane-proximal external region of the GPC might provide an entry-targeted platform for inhibitors.

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Epistastic Interactions within the Junín Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Complex Provide an Evolutionary Barrier to Reversion in the Live-Attenuated Candid#1 Vaccine

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.01682-17 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 92 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Joanne York ◽

Jack H. Nunberg

Keyword(s):

Envelope Glycoprotein ◽

Epistatic Interaction ◽

Second Generation ◽

Hemorrhagic Fever ◽

Viral Envelope ◽

Junin Virus ◽

Glycoprotein Complex ◽

Viral Envelope Glycoprotein ◽

Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever ◽

Junín Virus

ABSTRACTThe Candid#1 strain of Junín virus was developed using a conventional attenuation strategy of serial passage in nonhost animals and cultured cells. The live-attenuated Candid#1 vaccine is used in Argentina to protect at-risk individuals against Argentine hemorrhagic fever, but it has not been licensed in the United States. Recent studies have revealed that Candid#1 attenuation is entirely dependent on a phenylalanine-to-isoleucine substitution at position 427 in the fusion subunit (GP2) of the viral envelope glycoprotein complex (GPC), thereby raising concerns regarding the potential for reversion to virulence. In this study, we report the identification and characterization of an intragenic epistatic interaction between the attenuating F427I mutation in GP2 and a lysine-to-serine mutation at position 33 in the stable signal peptide (SSP) subunit of GPC, and we demonstrate the utility of this interaction in creating an evolutionary barrier against reversion to the pathogenic genotype. In the presence of the wild-type F427 residue, the K33S mutation abrogates the ability of ectopically expressed GPC to mediate membrane fusion at endosomal pH. This defect is rescued by the attenuating F427I mutation. We show that the recombinant Candid#1 (rCan) virus bearing K33S GPC is viable and retains its attenuated genotype under cell culture conditions that readily select for reversion in the parental rCan virus. If back-mutation to F427 offers an accessible pathway to increase fitness in rCan, reversion in K33S-GPC rCan is likely to be lethal. The epistatic interaction between K33S and F427I thus may minimize the likelihood of reversion and enhance safety in a second-generation Candid#1 vaccine.IMPORTANCEThe live-attenuated Candid#1 vaccine strain of Junín virus is used to protect against Argentine hemorrhagic fever. Recent findings that a single missense mutation in the viral envelope glycoprotein complex (GPC) is responsible for attenuation raise the prospect of facile reversion to pathogenicity. Here, we characterize a genetic interaction between GPC subunits that evolutionarily forces retention of the attenuating mutation. By incorporating this secondary mutation into Candid#1 GPC, we hope to minimize the likelihood of reversion and enhance safety in a second-generation Candid#1 vaccine. A similar approach may guide the design of live-attenuated vaccines against Lassa and other arenaviral hemorrhagic fevers.

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