Cyclophilin-A Is Bound through Its Peptidylprolyl Isomerase Domain to the Cytoplasmic Dynein Motor Protein Complex

Dynein is a ~1.2 MDa cytoskeletal motor protein that carries organelles via retrograde transport in eukaryotic cells. The motor protein belongs to the ATPase family of proteins associated with diverse cellular activities and plays a critical role in transporting cargoes to the minus end of the microtubules. The motor domain of dynein possesses a hexameric head, where ATP hydrolysis occurs. The presented work analyzes the structure–activity relationship (SAR) of dynapyrazole A and B, as well as ciliobrevin A and D, in their various protonated states and their 46 analogues for their binding in the AAA1 subunit, the leading ATP hydrolytic site of the motor domain. This study exploits in silico methods to look at the analogues’ effects on the functionally essential subsites of the motor domain of dynein 1, since no similar experimental structural data are available. Ciliobrevin and its analogues bind to the ATP motifs of the AAA1, namely, the walker-A (W-A) or P-loop, the walker-B (W-B), and the sensor I and II. Ciliobrevin A shows a better binding affinity than its D analogue. Although the double bond in ciliobrevin A and D was expected to decrease the ligand potency, they show a better affinity to the AAA1 binding site than dynapyrazole A and B, lacking the bond. In addition, protonation of the nitrogen atom in ciliobrevin A and D, as well as dynapyrazole A and B, at the N9 site of ciliobrevin and the N7 of the latter increased their binding affinity. Exploring ciliobrevin A geometrical configuration suggests the E isomer has a superior binding profile over the Z due to binding at the critical ATP motifs. Utilizing the refined structure of the motor domain obtained through protein conformational search in this study exhibits that Arg1852 of the yeast cytoplasmic dynein could involve in the “glutamate switch” mechanism in cytoplasmic dynein 1 in lieu of the conserved Asn in AAA+ protein family.

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Functional interaction between dynein light chain and intermediate chain is required for mitotic spindle positioning

Molecular Biology of the Cell ◽

10.1091/mbc.e11-01-0075 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 22 (15) ◽

pp. 2690-2701 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Melissa D. Stuchell-Brereton ◽

Amanda Siglin ◽

Jun Li ◽

Jeffrey K. Moore ◽

Shubbir Ahmed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Light Chain ◽

Direct Evidence ◽

Retrograde Transport ◽

Cytoplasmic Dynein ◽

Dynein Light Chain ◽

Spindle Positioning ◽

Dynein Motor ◽

Intermediate Chains ◽

Activator Complex

Cytoplasmic dynein is a large multisubunit complex involved in retrograde transport and the positioning of various organelles. Dynein light chain (LC) subunits are conserved across species; however, the molecular contribution of LCs to dynein function remains controversial. One model suggests that LCs act as cargo-binding scaffolds. Alternatively, LCs are proposed to stabilize the intermediate chains (ICs) of the dynein complex. To examine the role of LCs in dynein function, we used Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in which the sole function of dynein is to position the spindle during mitosis. We report that the LC8 homologue, Dyn2, localizes with the dynein complex at microtubule ends and interacts directly with the yeast IC, Pac11. We identify two Dyn2-binding sites in Pac11 that exert differential effects on Dyn2-binding and dynein function. Mutations disrupting Dyn2 elicit a partial loss-of-dynein phenotype and impair the recruitment of the dynein activator complex, dynactin. Together these results indicate that the dynein-based function of Dyn2 is via its interaction with the dynein IC and that this interaction is important for the interaction of dynein and dynactin. In addition, these data provide the first direct evidence that LC occupancy in the dynein motor complex is important for function.

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Stable tug-of-war between kinesin-1 and cytoplasmic dynein upon different ATP and roadblock concentrations

10.1101/2020.06.08.140806 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Gina A. Monzon ◽

Lara Scharrel ◽

Ashwin DSouza ◽

Ludger Santen ◽

Stefan Diez

Keyword(s):

Cytoplasmic Dynein ◽

Gliding Motility ◽

Force Balance ◽

Stochastic Simulations ◽

Transport Systems ◽

Organelle Transport ◽

Atp Concentration ◽

Dynein Motor ◽

Bidirectional Movement

ABSTRACTThe maintenance of intracellular processes like organelle transport and cell division depend on bidirectional movement along microtubules. These processes typically require kinesin and dynein motor proteins which move with opposite directionality. Because both types of motors are often simultaneously bound to the cargo, regulatory mechanisms are required to ensure controlled directional transport. Recently, it has been shown that parameters like mechanical motor activation, ATP concentration and roadblocks on the microtubule surface differentially influence the activity of kinesin and dynein motors in distinct manners. However, how these parameters affect bidirectional transport systems has not been studied. Here, we investigate the regulatory influence of these three parameter using in vitro gliding motility assays and stochastic simulations. We find that the number of active kinesin and dynein motors determines the transport direction and velocity, but that variations in ATP concentration and roadblock density have no significant effect. Thus, factors influencing the force balance between opposite motors appear to be important, whereas the detailed stepping kinetics and bypassing capabilities of the motors have only little effect.

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The microtubule motor cytoplasmic dynein is required for spindle orientation during germline cell divisions and oocyte differentiation in Drosophila

Development ◽

10.1242/dev.124.12.2409 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 124 (12) ◽

pp. 2409-2419 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

M. McGrail ◽

T.S. Hays

Keyword(s):

Asymmetric Cell Division ◽

Fruit Fly ◽

Cytoplasmic Dynein ◽

Spindle Orientation ◽

Chain Gene ◽

Animal Development ◽

Dynein Motor ◽

Microtubule Motor ◽

Two Stages ◽

Oocyte Differentiation

During animal development cellular differentiation is often preceded by an asymmetric cell division whose polarity is determined by the orientation of the mitotic spindle. In the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, the oocyte differentiates in a 16-cell syncytium that arises from a cystoblast which undergoes 4 synchronous divisions with incomplete cytokinesis. During these divisions, spindle orientation is highly ordered and is thought to impart a polarity to the cyst that is necessary for the subsequent differentiation of the oocyte. Using mutations in the Drosophila cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain gene, Dhc64C, we show that cytoplasmic dynein is required at two stages of oogenesis. Early in oogenesis, dynein mutations disrupt spindle orientation in dividing cysts and block oocyte determination. The localization of dynein in mitotic cysts suggests spindle orientation is mediated by the microtubule motor cytoplasmic dynein. Later in oogenesis, dynein function is necessary for proper differentiation, but does not appear to participate in morphogen localization within the oocyte. These results provide evidence for a novel developmental role for the cytoplasmic dynein motor in cellular determination and differentiation.

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Dynactin Is Required for Microtubule Anchoring at Centrosomes

The Journal of Cell Biology ◽

10.1083/jcb.147.2.321 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 147 (2) ◽

pp. 321-334 ◽

Cited By ~ 247

Author(s):

N.J. Quintyne ◽

S.R. Gill ◽

D.M. Eckley ◽

C.L. Crego ◽

D.A. Compton ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mitotic Cell ◽

Cytoplasmic Dynein ◽

Microtubule Organization ◽

Cultured Fibroblasts ◽

Cell Extracts ◽

Dynein Motor ◽

Mitotic Spindle Assembly ◽

Dynactin Complex

The multiprotein complex, dynactin, is an integral part of the cytoplasmic dynein motor and is required for dynein-based motility in vitro and in vivo. In living cells, perturbation of the dynein–dynactin interaction profoundly blocks mitotic spindle assembly, and inhibition or depletion of dynein or dynactin from meiotic or mitotic cell extracts prevents microtubules from focusing into spindles. In interphase cells, perturbation of the dynein–dynactin complex is correlated with an inhibition of ER-to-Golgi movement and reorganization of the Golgi apparatus and the endosome–lysosome system, but the effects on microtubule organization have not previously been defined. To explore this question, we overexpressed a variety of dynactin subunits in cultured fibroblasts. Subunits implicated in dynein binding have effects on both microtubule organization and centrosome integrity. Microtubules are reorganized into unfocused arrays. The pericentriolar components, γ tubulin and dynactin, are lost from centrosomes, but pericentrin localization persists. Microtubule nucleation from centrosomes proceeds relatively normally, but microtubules become disorganized soon thereafter. Overexpression of some, but not all, dynactin subunits also affects endomembrane localization. These data indicate that dynein and dynactin play important roles in microtubule organization at centrosomes in fibroblastic cells and provide new insights into dynactin–cargo interactions.

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A Model for the Microtubule-Ncd Motor Protein Complex Obtained by Cryo-Electron Microscopy and Image Analysis

Cell ◽

10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80330-x ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 90 (2) ◽

pp. 217-224 ◽

Cited By ~ 129

Author(s):

Hernando Sosa ◽

D.Prabha Dias ◽

Andreas Hoenger ◽

Michael Whittaker ◽

Elizabeth Wilson-Kubalek ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Image Analysis ◽

Protein Complex ◽

Motor Protein ◽

Cryo Electron Microscopy

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Cytoplasmic Dynein Light Intermediate Chain Is Required for Discrete Aspects of Mitosis in Caenorhabditis elegans

Molecular Biology of the Cell ◽

10.1091/mbc.12.10.2921 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 2921-2933 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

John H. Yoder ◽

Min Han

Keyword(s):

Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽

Nucleotide Binding ◽

Cytoplasmic Dynein ◽

Meiotic Spindle ◽

Phenotypic Characterization ◽

Loss Of Function ◽

Dynein Motor ◽

Centrosome Separation ◽

Transporter Family ◽

Intermediate Chain

We describe phenotypic characterization of dli-1, the Caenorhabditis elegans homolog of cytoplasmic dynein light intermediate chain (LIC), a subunit of the cytoplasmic dynein motor complex. Animals homozygous for loss-of-function mutations indli-1 exhibit stochastic failed divisions in late larval cell lineages, resulting in zygotic sterility. dli-1 is required for dynein function during mitosis. Depletion of thedli-1 gene product through RNA-mediated gene interference (RNAi) reveals an early embryonic requirement. One-celldli-1(RNAi) embryos exhibit failed cell division attempts, resulting from a variety of mitotic defects. Specifically, pronuclear migration, centrosome separation, and centrosome association with the male pronuclear envelope are defective indli-1(RNAi) embryos. Meiotic spindle formation, however, is not affected in these embryos. DLI-1, like its vertebrate homologs, contains a putative nucleotide-binding domain similar to those found in the ATP-binding cassette transporter family of ATPases as well as other nucleotide-binding and -hydrolyzing proteins. Amino acid substitutions in a conserved lysine residue, known to be required for nucleotide binding, confers complete rescue in a dli-1mutant background, indicating this is not an essential domain for DLI-1 function.

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