Quelques Remarques Sur Les Types Convergents

Diachronica ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Petia Asenova

SUMMARY The Balkan language alliance (Sprachbund) comprises three different kinds of common linguistic types: 1) the common origin types; 2) the independent origin types and 3) the convergent types. The last ones are more characteristic for an areal group of languages such as the Balkan language alliance since they appear within a common geographical area. Two criteria are proposed to prove the convergent origin of some balkanisms: 1) The diachronic approach to the Balkan types (applied here to the future tense formation), which also implies that the paper supports the idea of a diachronic typology; 2) the research of semantic borrowings on the level of grammatical forms (applied to the parallel functions of some prepositions in the different Balkan languages; to the identical infinitive replacement, and to the expression of non-testimonial action). RÉSUMÉ L'union linguistique balkanique recèle trois sortes de types communs: 1) des types hérités d'une source commune; 2) des types d'origine indépendante et 3) des types convergents. Ces derniers sont les plus caractéristiques pour un groupe aréal de langues que représente l'union linguistique balkanique, étant donné qu'ils surgissent sur une aire commune. On propose deux critères qui pourraient prouver l'origine convergente de certains balkanismes: 1) L'approche diachronique des types balkaniques (appliquée ici à la formation du futur), c'est-à-dire on supporte l'idée d'une typologie diachronique; 2) la recherche d'emprunts sémantiques au niveau des formes grammaticales (appliquée ici aux fonctions parallèles de certaines prépositions dans les langues balkaniques différentes; à la façon identique de remplacer l'infinitif et à l'expression non-testimoniale de l'action). ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Der Balkansprachbund weist drei Arten gemeinsamer Typen auf: 1) aus einer gemeinsamen Quelle ererbte; 2) unabhangig voneinander entstandene; 3) konvergente. Letztere sind besonders charakteristisch für eine areale Sprach-gruppe wie den Balkansprachbund, da sie auf dem gemeinsamen Areal ent-stehen. Es werden zwei Kriterien aufgestellt, die als Beweis für den konver-genten Ursprung bestimmter Balkanismen gelten können: 1) die diachrone Untersuchung der balkanischen Typen (hier auf die Bildung des Futurs ange-wandt), d.h. es wird der Gedanke einer diachronen Typologie vertreten; 2) die Untersuchung von Bedeutungsentlehnungen auf dem Gebiet grammatischer Formen (angewandt auf die parallelen Funktionen bestimmter Präpositionen in den verschiedenen Balkansprachen, auf den identischen Ersatz des Infinitivs und den kommentativen Ausdruck der Handlung).

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Gina Gheorghe ◽  
Camelia Cristina Diaconu ◽  
Vlad Ionescu ◽  
Gabriel Constantinescu ◽  
Nicolae Bacalbasa ◽  
...  

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive malignant neoplastic diseases. The incidence and mortality rates of this disease vary depending on geographical area, which might be explained by the different exposure to risk factors. To improve the prognosis of patients with pancreatic cancer, different approaches are needed for an earlier diagnosis. Identification of risk factors and implementation of screening strategies are essential for a better prognosis. Currently, the risk factors for pancreatic cancer fall into two broad categories, namely extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Extrinsic factors include alcohol consumption, smoking, a diet rich in saturated fats, and viral infections such as chronic infection with hepatitis B and C viruses. The pathophysiological mechanisms explaining how these hepatotropic viruses contribute to the development of pancreatic cancer are not fully elucidated. The common origin of hepatocytes and pancreatic cells in the multipotent endodermal cells, the common origin of the blood vessels and biliary ducts of the pancreas and the liver, or chronic inflammatory changes may be involved in this interaction. A careful monitoring of patients with viral liver infections may contribute to the early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer and improve the prognosis of these patients.


Author(s):  
Anna Kupść ◽  
Jesse Tseng

This paper presents an analysis of constructions involving the l-form of the verb in Polish, including primarily the past tense, the conditional mood, and the future tense. Previous approaches have attempted to treat these uniformly as auxiliary verb constructions. We argue against a unified treatment, however, in light of synchronic and diachronic evidence that indicates that only the future tense and the conditional still involve auxiliaries in modern Polish. We show that the past tense is now a simple tense, although the l-forms appear in combination with agreement affixes that can appear in different places in the sentence. We provide an account of the common linearization properties of the past tense markings and the conditional auxiliary. We present a detailed HPSG analysis of the past tense construction that relies on the introduction of two interacting agreement features. We then discuss the consequences of our proposals for the analysis of the conditional and future auxiliary constructions, and finally, we offer a treatment of constructions involving inflected complementizers in Polish.


1917 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 249-256
Author(s):  
Herbert L. Hawkins

The characters of the apical system of a series of Holectypus hemisphæricus from the same horizon at two localities in Dorsetshire are analysed and described. It is found that the average relations of the plates of the system are different at the two localities, although certain numbers of identical forms occur at both. Out of 189 specimens (from both localities), 40 show serious departures from the normal type. These abnormalities are of three classes. One, the most prevalent, consists in the presence of madreporic pores on genital 3, in addition to the normal perforation of genital 2. This is regarded as a “progressive variant” in the direction of Discoides. The second, occurring in three specimens, consists in the interpolation of a supernumerary plate within the system. It is suggested that this may be either a “regressive variant” towards Acrosalenia, or a “progressive variant” towards Nucleolites (as illustrated by N.orlicularis). In neither case would this variation coincide with actual phyletic sequence, so that it is styled “parallel variation”. The third type of variant, seen in one specimen only, combines both the first and second types, and in addition shows an absence of genital 5 and a corresponding increase in the size of the posterior oculars, which meet round the back of the system. The variation in this specimen is interpreted as being “progressive” towards Discoides, “parallel progressive” or “regressive” towards Nucleolites or Acrosalenia respectively, and “progressive” towards Conulus. There are indications of a different series of variants in the Holectypus depressus from the Cornbrash. The high percentage of variation in the composition of the apical system of Holectypus is regarded as an indication of the evolutional activity of the genus, and of its near approximation in time and phylogeny to the common origin of many of the groups of Irregular Echinoids.


1983 ◽  
Vol 38 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 501-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mária Ujhelyi

Seryl tRNA (anticodon GCU) from mammalian mito­chondria shows in comparison to other mitochondrial tRNAs additional special features differing from the generalized tRNA model. When arranged in the tradi­tional cloverleaf form, eight bases fall within the TΨC loop, and the entire dihydrouridine loop is lacking. This seryl tRNA molecule is therefore shorter than other tRNAs. It was originally thought to represent a mito­chondrial analogon of 5 S rRNA and its precise classifica­tion is still disputed. The present studies suggest that this mitochondrial tRNA represents a fossil molecule which is related to the common ancestor of the present tRNA and 5 S rRNA molecules.


2002 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Clancy Clements ◽  
Andrew J. Koontz-Garboden

This paper presents a comparative study of two Indo-Portuguese creoles, Korlai Creole Portuguese (KP) and Daman Creole Portuguese (DP). Using recently collected data, the phonology, pronominal systems, TMA markers, syntactic properties, and lexical items of KP and DP are compared and contrasted. The question of the common vs. independent origin of KP and DP is also discussed.


Italica ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 398
Author(s):  
Kenneth J. Koubek

Author(s):  
Etienne Balibar

Many on the Left have looked upon “universal” as a dirty word, one that signals liberalism's failure to recognize the masculinist and Eurocentric assumptions from which it proceeds. In rejecting universalism, we have learned to reorient politics around particulars, positionalities, identities, immanence, and multiple modernities. This book builds on these critiques of the tacit exclusions of Enlightenment thought, while at the same time working to rescue and reinvent what universal claims can offer for a revolutionary politics answerable to the common. In the contemporary quarrel of universals, the book shows, the stakes are no less than the future of our democracies. The book investigates the paradoxical processes by which the universal is constructed and deconstructed, instituted and challenged, in modern society. It shows that every statement and institution of the universal—such as declarations of human rights—carry an exclusionary, particularizing principle within themselves and that every universalism immediately falls prey to countervailing universalisms. Always equivocal and plural, the universal is thus a persistent site of conflict within societies and within subjects themselves. And yet, the book suggests, the very conflict of the universal—constituted as an ever-unfolding performative contradiction—also provides the emancipatory force needed to reinvigorate and reimagine contemporary politics and philosophy. In conversation with a range of thinkers from Marx, Freud, and Benjamin through Foucault, Derrida, and Scott, the book shows the power that resides not in the adoption of a single universalism but in harnessing the energies made available by claims to universality in order to establish a common answerable to difference.


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