The ‘Genius of language’

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 367-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christiane Schlaps
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dynamic Form ◽  
Text Types ◽  
Scientific Value ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Static Concept ◽  
Interior Part

Summary The so-called ‘genius of language’ may be regarded as one of the most influential, and versatile, metalinguistic metaphors used to describe vernacular languages from the 17th century onwards. Over the centuries, philosophers, grammarians, trans­lators and language critics etc. wrote of the ‘genius of language’ in a wide range of text types and with reference to various linguistic positions so that a set of rather diverse types of the concept was created. This paper traces three prominent stages in the development of the ‘genius of language’ argument and, by identifying some of the most frequent types as they evolved in the context of the various linguistic dis­courses, endeavours to show the major transformations of the concept. While early on, discussion of the stylistic and grammatical type of the ‘genius of language’ concentrates on surface features in the languages considered, during the middle of the 18th century, the ‘genius of language’ is relocated to the semantic, interior part of language. With the 19th-century notion of an organological ‘genius of language’, the former static concept is personified and recast in a dynamic form until, taken to its nationalistic extremes, the ‘genius of language’ argument finally ceases to be of any epistemological and scientific value.

The ‘Genius of Language’: Transformations of a Concept in the History of Linguistics

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 367-388
Author(s):  
Christiane Schlaps
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dynamic Form ◽  
Text Types ◽  
History Of Linguistics ◽  
History Of ◽  
Scientific Value ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Static Concept

The so-called ‘genius of language’ may be regarded as one of the most influential, and versatile, metalinguistic metaphors used to describe vernacular languages from the 17th century onwards. Over the centuries, philosophers, grammarians, trans­lators and language critics etc. wrote of the ‘genius of language’ in a wide range of text types and with reference to various linguistic positions so that a set of rather diverse types of the concept was created. This paper traces three prominent stages in the development of the ‘genius of language’ argument and, by identifying some of the most frequent types as they evolved in the context of the various linguistic dis­courses, endeavours to show the major transformations of the concept. While early on, discussion of the stylistic and grammatical type of the ‘genius of language’ concentrates on surface features in the languages considered, during the middle of the 18th century, the ‘genius of language’ is relocated to the semantic, interior part of language. With the 19th-century notion of an organological ‘genius of language’, the former static concept is personified and recast in a dynamic form until, taken to its nationalistic extremes, the ‘genius of language’ argument finally ceases to be of any epistemological and scientific value.

Origine et diffusion des expressions romanes du type jaune paille

2021 ◽  
Vol 133 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-27
Author(s):  
Sara Matrisciano ◽  
Franz Rainer
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Short Discussion ◽  
Colour Term ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
And Diffusion

All major Romance languages have patterns of the type jaune paille for expressing shades of colour represented by some prototypical object. The first constituent of this pattern is a colour term, while the second one designates a prototypical representative of the colour shade. The present paper starts with a short discussion of the controversial grammatical status of this pattern and its constituents. Its main aim, however, concerns the origin and diffusion of this pattern. We have not found hard and fast evidence that Medieval Italian pigment compounds of the type verderame influenced the rise of the jaune paille pattern, which first appears in French in the 16th century. This pattern continued to be a minority solution during the 17th century, but established itself during the 18th century. In the 19th century, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese adopted the pattern jaune paille, while it did not reach Catalan and Romanian before the 20th century.

3. Objectives of the Norwegian Archaeological Expedition to the Galápagos

1956 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 9-12
Author(s):  
Thor Heyerdahl ◽  
Arne Skjölsvold
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Charles Darwin ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Archaeological Remains ◽  
The Many ◽  
The 19Th Century

The first scientific expedition to the Galápagos took place, as stated, when Malaspina made his brief call in 1790. In the 19th century a series of other and more important scientific expeditions followed, among them notably H.M.S. Beagle which arrived in 1835 with Charles Darwin as naturalist on board. Right up to the present time naturalists have been drawn to the Galápagos due to its unique fauna and flora, and biologically and geologically the group has been carefully surveyed. The many visiting expeditions have, however, never assumed the special task of searching for archaeological remains, and no signs of early occupation have been reported, other than man-made caves in the local tuff and broken Spanish jars and porcelain, all properly ascribed to the late 17th century buccaneers and the 18th century whalers.

Francis James Herbert Haskell 1928–2000

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Hope
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Art History ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
French Painting ◽  
King's College ◽  
History Of Art ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Publication of Patrons and Painters (1963), which dealt with art in 17th-century Rome and 18th-century Venice, established Francis Haskell as one of the leading art historians of his generation. He held posts at King's College Cambridge and was then appointed Professor of the History of Art at Oxford University with a Fellowship at Trinity College. Haskell turned to studying French painting of the 19th century. Rediscoveries in Art: Some Aspects of Taste, Fashion and Collecting in England and France (1976) won the Mitchell Prize for Art History. Haskell was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 1971. Obituary by Charles Hope.

scholarly journals “A Quarter of an Hour before his Death, He Was Still Alive”: The Literary Character Image of La Palice and the Phenomenon of Nizy Style

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 72-95
Author(s):  
Konstantin V. Dushenko
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Original Text ◽  
Literary Character ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Early 18Th Century

La Palis is a literary character that appeared in anonymous couplets The Death of La Palis published in the early 18th century. The image of La Palis in songs is ambiguous: he is both a naive simpleton and a parodic counterpart of the panegyric image of Marshal Jacques de La Palice (1470–1525). The irony of these early verses about La Palis is usually explained by the simplicity of the soldiers who allegedly composed them in 1525 or by the further distortion of the original text. In reality, this irony bears the imprint of the 17th century burlesque poetry. In 1715, the literary image of La Palis was canonized by Bernard La Monnoy, the author of the term nizy style. The nizy style, also called the Lapalissade, is a special kind of tautology that, as Clement Rosset aptly put it, “for a moment causes a hallucination of difference.” In the 19th century, the typically Lapalissian formula “if they did not die, then they are still alive” is recorded in the tales of various peoples of Europe; the relationship between these national formulas remains unclear. The article also examines the mastering the nizy style by O. Goldsmith and Russian translators from the 18th century to the present day.

scholarly journals Changes in Livonian first names in Salaca during the 17th and 18th centuries

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-119
Author(s):  
Aldur Vunk
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
New Name ◽  
Western European ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Written Sources

Under examination are the developments that occurred in name traditions that were caused by Christianisation as can be ascertained on the basis of written sources. The area under examination is the Livonian revenue district which was defined in the 17th century, and which, by the end of the century, comprised the Svētciems Manor. The first names of the peasants identified as Livonians in the first half of the 19th century were compared to the first names of the farmers recorded in the soul revisions from the 17th century. As a result, the article ascertains that the custom of having two first names had disappeared by the 17th century. In the 18th century, a new name – Gust/Gustav – had been added to the name tradition in the region. By the turn of the 19th century, after six centuries of integration under colonial rule, the Christian names of the Livonians, Latvians, and Estonians were so similar that it was difficult to distinguish among them based on their first names. Various local versions of Western European Christian names were overwhelmingly in use.Kokkuvõte. Aldur Vunk: Muutused liivlaste eesnimedes Salatsi piirkonnas 17. ja 18. sajandil. Otsest survet pühakunimede valimisel, nagu oli tavaks idakirikus, läänekirik ei tundnud. Siiski oli ristinimede valikus ka uusajal enamus apostlite ja pühakute nimesid. Liivi vakuse talupoegade 44 eesnimest olid 1624. aasta revisjoni põhjal selliseid nimesid 31: Marten (4), Tomas/Tohmas (4), Matz/Matzken (4), Hanß (4), Hans (3), Jan/Jans (3), Andres/Andreas (3), Jürgen/Jür (3), Jak/Jack (2) ja Peter. Kui siia lisada veel Grist Hanß (3), oli apostlite ja pühakute nimesid eesnimedest 70%. Sama tüüpi eesnimed olid valitsevad ka 60 aastat hiljem, kui Svētciems’i mõisa 40 peremehe eesnimedest olid 31 tuletatud apostlite ja pühakute nimedest: Hans (5), Andrus/Andres (5), Jack (5), Jörgen (4), Mats (3), Tohm (2), Jahn (2), Jüri (2), Juhan, Tönnis ja Marten. Ebajärjekindlus nimede kirjaviisides 17.–19. sajandil ei võimalda teha detailseid järeldusi, kuid nimevormide Hanß ja Hans esinemise järgi juba 1624. aasta revisjonikirjetes võib tõmmata paralleeli 19. sajandi alguses kasutuses olnud nimevormidega Anz, Ansche ja Ange. Huvitav on veel 17. sajandi esimesel poolel eksisteerinud kahe eesnime panemise komme, eriti nimepaari esimene nimi, milleks järjekindlalt oli Grist. Selle kombe tagamaid on ühe allika põhjal raske välja selgitada ja võib vaid oletada, et tegemist on katoliku aja traditsiooniga. Usupuhastusliikumise vastuoludele, mis veel 17. sajandil oli olulise tähendusega, võib osundada ka tunduvalt vähemat kasutust leidnud eesnimi Pape/Poope. Kokkuvõttes on 17. sajandist kuni 19. sajandini eesnimede traditsiooni muutuste taga küllalt sageli näha poliitilisi ja ühiskondlikke arenguid. Nimetraditsioon ei jäänud juba keskajal lokaalseks nähtuseks ja oli vägagi sarnane ülejäänud kristliku ruumiga. Samuti väljendusid selles reformatsiooniajastu vastuolud ja võimalik, et koguni oma vaadete manifesteerimine. Nähtavasti jättis talupoeglik nimetraditsioon lisaks järjepidevusele selles koha ka poolehoiuavaldustele headele isandatele või mõjukatele ristivanematele.Märksõnad: Liivimaa, Salatsi liivlased, ajalooline onomastika, eesnimedKubbõvõttõks. Aldur Vunk: Mõitõkst līvlizt eḑḑiztnimīs Salāts immõrkouțš 17. ja 18. āigastsadā āigal Vežgõrpivākuodā iz tund kūoḑizt painõ lõvvõ pivālizt nimīdi nei kui se um irdõksõks mǭgõr pivākuodās. Sīegid vȯļtõ ka ūdāiga rištõbnimūd ulzvȯtštõbs jemmit vȯļțõ apostõld ja pivālizt nimūd. Līvõ vakā talūd 44 eḑīznimstõ vȯļtõ seļļizt 1624. āigast revīzij pierrõ 31: Marten (4), Tomas/Tohmas (4), Matz/Matzken (4), Hanß (4), Hans (3), Jan/Jans (3), Andres/Andreas (3), Jürgen/Jür (3), Jak/Jack (2) ja Peter. Ku näntõn jūrõ pānda vel Grist Hanß (3), vȯļ apostõld ja pivālizt nimīdi eḑḑiztnimūd siegās 70%. Siedā īž tīpõ eḑḑiztnimūd vȯļtõ jemmits vel 60 āigastõ obbõm, ku Pivākilā mȯizõ 40 perīmīe eḑḑiznimīst 31 vȯļtõ sǭdõd apostõld ja pivālizt nimīst: Hans (5), Andrus/Andres (5), Jack (5), Jörgen (4), Mats (3), Tohm (2), Jahn (2), Jüri (2), Juhan, Tönnis ja Marten. Nimūd kēravīț äbpīldzit 17.–19. āigastsadāl äb lask tīedõ pīenõstiz pierāldõkši, umīțigid võib 1624. āigast revīzijkēraltõkst nimūdõn Hanß ja Hans vieddõ paralēlõ 19. āigastsadā īrgandõks nimūdõks Anz, Ansche ja Ange. Interesant um vel 17, āigastsadā ežmis pūols vȯnd kǭd edḑīznim panmiz mūoḑ, ī’žkiz nimūdpǭr ežmi nim, mis pīldzist vȯļ Grist. Sīe mūod pūojõ īdāinagiz ovāt alīz pǟl um lǟlam seļțõ, võib set vȱldatõ ku se um katol āiga irdõks. Uskpūdistimizlikkimiz vastālitõn, mis vel 17. āigastsadā āigal vȯļ vȯldzi, võib vīțõ ka veitõm kȭlbatõd eḑḑinim Pape/ Poope. Amāleb võib 17. –19. āigastsadā āiga eḑḑiztnimūd irdõks mõitõkst tagān saggõld nǟdõ polītiliži ja kubgõn kazāndõkši. Nimūdirdõks iz ūo jõbā sidāmtāigal kūožli nǟdõks, se vȯļ jõvāgid īti mū kristliz īlmaks. Neiīž saitõ sīes spīegiļtõd reformātsij āiga vastõvȯlmizt ja võib vȱlda īž ka eņtš nēmizt nägțimi. Silmõznǟdsõ vȯļ talrov nimūdirdõksõs andtõd kūož ka pūolõpidāmizt pierāst jõvād izāndõdõn agā mȯjjizt rištvanbiztõn.

The Genesis of John Ray and his Successors

2002 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-163
Author(s):  
Michael Roberts
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Geological Time ◽  
The Earth ◽  
John Ray ◽  
Conservative Christians ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First John

Most writers assume that, until geological findings forced them to modify their beliefs in the 19th Century, all Christians believed that the earth was created in 4004 BC on the basis of Ussher’s chronological calculations. By considering first John Ray and his contemporary theologians, poets and naturalists, it is clear that few followed Ussher even in the 17th Century. They favoured a Chaos-Restitution interpretation of Genesis One allowing a longer time. Most held this in the 18th Century but after the awareness of vast geological time the duration of Chaos was vastly extended to include all geological time. This preceded the Gap Theory of Chalmers in 1802. Until the 1850s this was the dominant interpretation, when Hugh Miller and Rorison rejected it. After that most conservative Christians rejected it, but it found new life in the Scofield Bible only to be rejected after the rise of Creationism in 1961.

The spread of bottom trawling in the British Isles, c.1700–1860

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 681-700
Author(s):  
Peter Jones
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Bottom Trawling ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
The 19Th Century

Widespread bottom trawling in British waters has traditionally been dated from the last decades of the 18th century, and its early heartland has most commonly been identified as the Torbay area of Devon. This article shows that, in fact, by the time Torbay became known as a centre for the industry, bottom trawling was already well-known and relatively widespread around much of England and Wales, as well as large parts of Eastern and Southern Ireland. Following on from an earlier contribution in this journal, it also demonstrates that bottom trawling’s unbroken history, going back to at least the first decades of the 17th century, has always been beset by controversy, but that the middle decades of the 19th century saw a sea-change in official attitudes that, in effect, ushered in an era of unfettered expansion in industrial beam trawling by the 1890s.

scholarly journals Book Culture from Below in Finland

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuija Laine ◽  
Kirsti Salmi-Niklander
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Reading Skills ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Common People ◽  
Literacy Campaign ◽  
Youth Movement ◽  
The 19Th Century

Vernacular literacy began in Finland with the Reformation. Michael Agricola, the first Finnish reformer, studied in Wittenberg, and, after returning to Finland, translated the first books into Finnish. The books were originally intended for priests, but in the middle of the 17th century a literacy campaign was conducted throughout the Swedish realm, one that was quite effective in expanding the reading audience. A number of bishops in the diocese of Turku were also active in writing basic religious material for the common people, including primers, catechisms, and hymnals. The church also examined its parishioners’ reading skills. People could not acquire the status of godparent, attend the Eucharist, or marry without proper reading skills and a knowledge of basic Christian doctrine. In the first phase of the campaign, reading was only learning by rote, but by the last decades of the 17th century bishops and priests were emphasizing the importance of reading from books and understanding their content. Literacy progressed further in the 18th century, and literature published in Finnish became more varied. During the 19th century, Finland’s literacy rate continued to rise gradually. For the vast majority of the rural population, however, “literacy” meant only the very basic reading skills required and examined by the Lutheran Church. The statute for primary schools was laid down in 1866, but the law on compulsory primary education was not enacted until 1921. The Russian government began to promote the Finnish language in the 1860s. The consequent growth of Finnish-language literature and the expansion of the press allowed for reading by large segments of the population. The popular movements established during the final decades of the 19th century (the temperance movement, agrarian youth movement, and labor movement, for example) provided further opportunities for literary training. Among the lower classes in rural Finland, many self-educated writers submitted manuscripts to the Finnish Literature Society and sent news of their home parishes to newspapers. Some of them became professional writers or journalists.

scholarly journals The Body of the Traveller in the Trials of Siberia (17th - 20th Centuries)

Viatica ◽  
2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain GUYOT ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Travel Literature ◽  
Lived Experiences ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Physical Effects ◽  
Travel Discourse ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article compares a vast period of different depictions of the lived experiences of travellers in Siberia (17th - 20th centuries). Although their initial intentions were similar, the position of writers regarding their experiences radically differs depending on the period. In fact, 17th-century travel literature recounts the arduous conditions of journeying without describing its toll on the body. Descriptions of the physical effects on the body do not truly appear in texts until the 18th century and during the 19th century, probably linked to a new concern for comfort. From then on, rendering the physical and mental effort had an important place in travel discourse.

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