Association with explanation-conveying constructions predicts verbs’ implicit causality biases

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 521-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emiel van den Hoven ◽  
Evelyn C. Ferstl
Keyword(s):  
Good Predictor ◽  
Semantic Class ◽  
Semantic Classes ◽  
Implicit Causality ◽  
Corpus Data ◽  
Syntactic Behavior ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Given a sentence such as Mary fascinated/admired Sue because she did great, the verb fascinated leads people to interpret she as referring to Mary, whereas admired leads people to interpret she as referring to Sue. This phenomenon is known as implicit causality (IC). Recent studies have shown that verbs’ causality biases closely correspond to the verbs’ semantic classes, as classified in VerbNet, a lexicon that groups verbs into classes on the basis of syntactic behavior. The current study further investigates the relationship between causality biases and semantic classes. Using corpus data we show that the collostruction strength between verbs and the syntactic constructions that VerbNet classes are based on can be a good predictor of causality bias. This result suggests that the relation between semantic class and causality bias is not a categorical matter; more typical members of the semantic class show a stronger causality bias than less typical members.

Uzbek re-modeled

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-333
Author(s):  
Lydia Catedral
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
Language Planning ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Semantic Classes ◽  
Unique Approach ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This study investigates the relationship between Russian language use and language planning in the context of newly independent, post-soviet Uzbekistan (1991–1992). It is guided by the question: In what ways does the use of Russian loanwords in Uzbek language newspapers accomplish language planning in newly independent Uzbekistan? The main finding from this analysis is that post-independence use of Russian loanwords from particular semantic classes in particular contexts reinforce overtly stated ideologies about Russian and construct difference between soviet Uzbekistan and independent Uzbekistan. These findings demonstrate the need to reexamine the role of Russian language in post-soviet contexts, and they contribute a unique approach to analyzing links between lexical items and ideology in language planning.

scholarly journals Schaalvergroting in het syntactische alternantieonderzoek : Een nieuwe analyse van het presentatieve er met automatisch gegenereerde predictoren

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-123
Author(s):  
Dirk Speelman ◽  
Stefan Grondelaers ◽  
Benedikt Szmrecsanyi ◽  
Kris Heylen
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Manual Annotation ◽  
Distributional Analysis ◽  
Syntactic Variation ◽  
Semantic Class ◽  
Semantic Classes ◽  
Reference Corpus ◽  
Lexical Collocations ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Pragmatic Factor

Abstract In this paper, we revisit earlier analyses of the distribution of er ‘there’ in adjunct-initial sentences to demonstrate the merits of computational upscaling in syntactic variation research. Contrary to previous studies, in which major semantic and pragmatic predictors (viz. adjunct type, adjunct concreteness, and verb specificity) had to be coded manually, the present study operationalizes these predictors on the basis of distributional analysis: instead of hand-coding for specific semantic classes, we determine the semantic class of the adjunct, verb, and subject automatically by clustering the lexemes in those slots on the basis of their ‘semantic passport’ (as established on the basis of their distributional behaviour in a reference corpus). These clusters are subsequently interpreted as proxies for semantic classes. In addition, the pragmatic factor ‘subject predictability’ is operationalized automatically on the basis of collocational attraction measures, as well as distributional similarity between the other slots and the subject. We demonstrate that the distribution of er can be modelled equally successfully with the automated approach as in manual annotation-based studies. Crucially, the new method replicates our earlier findings that the Netherlandic data are easier to model than the Belgian data, and that lexical collocations play a bigger role in the Netherlandic than in the Belgian data. On a methodological level, the proposed automatization opens up a window of opportunities. Most important is its scalability: it allows for a larger gamut of alternations that can be investigated in one study, and for much larger datasets to represent each alternation.

scholarly journals Word vs. Class-Based Word Sense Disambiguation

2015 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 83-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruben Izquierdo ◽  
Armando Suarez ◽  
German Rigau
Keyword(s):  
Word Sense Disambiguation ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Word Sense ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Word Meanings ◽  
Semantic Class ◽  
Semantic Classes ◽  
Sense Disambiguation ◽  
Word Senses

As empirically demonstrated by the Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) tasks of the last SensEval/SemEval exercises, assigning the appropriate meaning to words in context has resisted all attempts to be successfully addressed. Many authors argue that one possible reason could be the use of inappropriate sets of word meanings. In particular, WordNet has been used as a de-facto standard repository of word meanings in most of these tasks. Thus, instead of using the word senses defined in WordNet, some approaches have derived semantic classes representing groups of word senses. However, the meanings represented by WordNet have been only used for WSD at a very fine-grained sense level or at a very coarse-grained semantic class level (also called SuperSenses). We suspect that an appropriate level of abstraction could be on between both levels. The contributions of this paper are manifold. First, we propose a simple method to automatically derive semantic classes at intermediate levels of abstraction covering all nominal and verbal WordNet meanings. Second, we empirically demonstrate that our automatically derived semantic classes outperform classical approaches based on word senses and more coarse-grained sense groupings. Third, we also demonstrate that our supervised WSD system benefits from using these new semantic classes as additional semantic features while reducing the amount of training examples. Finally, we also demonstrate the robustness of our supervised semantic class-based WSD system when tested on out of domain corpus.

Caries risk in children: determined by levels of mutans streptococci and Lactobaccilus

2005 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Alejandro Aguilera Galaviz ◽  
Gloria Premoli ◽  
Anajulia Gonzalez ◽  
Rafael Aguilar Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Good Predictor ◽  
Risk Evaluation ◽  
Mutans Streptococci ◽  
Caries Risk ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Relationship

Lactobacullus sp. and S. mutans are microorganisms with cariogenic capacity, however, their presence do not determine the presence of dental caries.We evaluated the relationship between the presence of Lactobacillus sp. and S. mutans and dental caries in a schoolchildren population. The relation PIDMFT have a value of significance p = 0.001489. In dental caries risk evaluation, the S. mutans and Lactobacillus sp. detection in saliva is a good predictor and contributing to the caries development.

A corpus-based bootstrapping algorithm for Semi-Automated semantic lexicon construction

1999 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
ELLEN RILOFF ◽  
JESSICA SHEPHERD
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Information ◽  
Word List ◽  
Lexical Information ◽  
Semantic Class ◽  
New Words ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Semantic Classes ◽  
Semantic Lexicons ◽  
Small Set ◽  
Ranked List

Many applications need a lexicon that represents semantic information but acquiring lexical information is time consuming. We present a corpus-based bootstrapping algorithm that assists users in creating domain-specific semantic lexicons quickly. Our algorithm uses a representative text corpus for the domain and a small set of ‘seed words’ that belong to a semantic class of interest. The algorithm hypothesizes new words that are also likely to belong to the semantic class because they occur in the same contexts as the seed words. The best hypotheses are added to the seed word list dynamically, and the process iterates in a bootstrapping fashion. When the bootstrapping process halts, a ranked list of hypothesized category words is presented to a user for review. We used this algorithm to generate a semantic lexicon for eleven semantic classes associated with the MUC-4 terrorism domain.

Clause combining across languages

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christelle Cosme
Keyword(s):  
Strong Support ◽  
Strong Preference ◽  
Intensive Use ◽  
Initial Hypothesis ◽  
Corpus Data ◽  
Clause Combining ◽  
The Relationship

This study explores clause combining in English and French, with special emphasis on the relationship between and/et-coordination and subordination. More precisely, the claim that English shows a strong preference for coordination while French makes more intensive use of subordination is tested against bilingual corpus data, viz. a comparable corpus of original texts and a bidirectional translation corpus. The study shows that the number of shifts from coordination to subordination is higher in translations from English into French than in translations from French into English. This finding lends strong support to the initial hypothesis.

Toward a model of grammaticality judgments

2009 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARKUS BADER ◽  
JANA HÄUSSLER
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection ◽  
Magnitude Estimation ◽  
Signal Detection Theory ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Single Session ◽  
The Third ◽  
Grammaticality Judgments ◽  
Corpus Data ◽  
The Relationship

This paper presents three experiments that investigate the relationship between gradient and binary judgments of grammaticality. In the first two experiments, two different groups of participants judged sentences by the method of magnitude estimation and by the method of speeded grammaticality judgments in a single session. The two experiments involved identical sentence materials but they differed in the order in which the two procedures were applied. The results show a high correlation between the magnitude estimation data and the speeded grammaticality judgments data, both within a session and across the two sessions. The third experiment was a questionnaire study in which participants judged the same sentences as either grammatical or ungrammatical without time pressure. This experiment yielded results quite similar to those of the other two experiments. Thus gradient and binary judgments both provide valuable and reliable sources for linguistic theory when assessed in an experimentally controlled way. We present a model based on Signal Detection Theory which specifies how gradient grammaticality scores are mapped to binary grammaticality judgments. Finally, we compare our experimental results to existing corpus data in order to inquire into the relationship between grammaticality and frequency of usage.

scholarly journals Relația dintre performanță, inteligență emoțională, anxietate și coping în rândul jucătorilor de fotbal

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 72-95
Author(s):  
Claudiu Marius Săftescu
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Coping Strategy ◽  
Good Predictor ◽  
Work Performance ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Major Objective ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
And Coping ◽  
The Relationship

The major objective of this research was to capture the relationship between work performance, emotional intelligence, anxiety, and coping strategies among football players. Preliminary results show that the emotional intelligence variable is a very good predictor of work performance among football players, explaining 41% of the performance variance. As for the anxiety variable, it did not have significant effects on performance. Also, significant correlations have been identified between emotional intelligence and cautious action, as coping strategy.

scholarly journals Jurisdictional Integration: How Economic Globalisation Is Changing State Sovereignty

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Murray Campbell Petrie
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
Economic Policy ◽  
Competition Policy ◽  
Good Predictor ◽  
International Agreements ◽  
State Sovereignty ◽  
International Policy ◽  
Traditional Concept ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

<p>Despite intense debate over the impact of globalisation on state sovereignty, there is a gap in the literature on conceptualisation, measurement, and research on the depth of international policy cooperation. This thesis introduces a new concept, jurisdictional integration, defined as international agreements that constrain, to varying degrees, a state's jurisdiction to make or enforce policies free from external involvement. State jurisdiction - the recognized authority to govern by domestic law - is a more coherent and tractable concept than the traditional concept of Westphalian sovereignty. A generic spectrum of points of increasing integration of state jurisdiction is presented, together with a taxonomy of points of increasing depth of international economic policy cooperation. The practicality and value of the framework is illustrated in two ways. First, an empirical analysis is presented of the depth of jurisdictional integration in Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs), using WTO data, to test hypotheses of the relationship between economic integration and the depth of policy cooperation in RTAs. The results indicate that the average frequency of occurrence of the deep policy cooperation provisions increased by 118% in RTAs signed 1990-1998 compared to those signed prior to 1990. Secondly, international cooperation in competition policy is analysed through compilation of a new database of stand-alone Competition Enforcement Agreements (CEAs), and the provisions in the Competition Policy Chapters of RTAs. Ordinal indices of increasing depth of jurisdictional integration with respect to competition policy are developed. New families of agreements are identified through vector analysis. Ninety-two international agreements are ranked on an enforcement cooperation index, and are used to test descriptive propositions about international competition policy cooperation. There are an increasing number of North-South agreements; and there has been both a widening and deepening of enforcement cooperation over time. Contingency table analysis is conducted of the relationship, given the existence of an agreement, between depth of enforcement cooperation and predictor variables. Whether all signatories are OECD members is a very good predictor of deep enforcement cooperation. A lack of similarity between substantive competition laws is a very good predictor of low enforcement cooperation. The level of trade integration is a moderately good predictor of the depth of enforcement cooperation; while geographic proximity is a good predictor for RTAs but not for CEAs. The depth of cooperation is almost independent of the level of economic asymmetry between signatories. These results are consistent with theories of regulatory competition and elite norm diffusion as causal mechanisms of increased international economic policy cooperation. The depth of enforcement cooperation is also found to be a very good predictor of whether agreements are "intergovernmental" or transgovernmental. The thesis suggests that the concept of jurisdictional integration can make a significant contribution to measuring the depth of all types of international economic cooperation agreements, and potentially also to cooperation in noneconomic domains; to research on the causes and consequences of international policy cooperation; and to policy development and public debate on the management of globalisation.</p>

scholarly journals ᴍᴀᴛᴛᴀ-rakenteen kognitiivista semantiikkaa

Virittäjä ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Hamunen
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Conceptual Structure ◽  
General Level ◽  
Frame Semantics ◽  
States Of Affairs ◽  
Semantic Relationships ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Digital Morphology ◽  
Corpus Data ◽  
The Relationship

Tässä artikkelissa käsitellään mA-infinitiivin abessiivin adjunktikäyttöjen eli MATTA-rakenteen (esim. syömättä, juomatta, nukkumatta) merkityksiä lauseen kokoisissa ilmauksissa murreaineistossa. Aineistona käytetään Lauseopin arkiston (LA) ja Digitaalisen muoto-opin arkiston (DMA) kokoelmia sekä Suomen murteiden sanakirjan (SMS) osien 1–8 sana-artikkeleita. Tutkimus pureutuu muun muassa siihen, 1) millainen kiellon tyyppi adjunktina toimiva infinitiivirakenne yleisesti on ja 2) millaisia adverbiaalisia merkityksiä sille on tulkittavissa. Kysymysten selvittelyyn käytetään korpusaineiston (perinteistä) syntaktis-semanttista analyysia ja kehyssemantiikkaa konstruktiokieliopin sovellusalana. Adverbiaalina MATTA-rakenne kiinnittyy hallitsevan rakenteen ilmaisemaan kehykseen ja sen merkitystulkinnat riippuvat infinitiivirakenteen ja finiittiverbin keskinäisistä suhteista. Tulkintaan vaikuttavia tekijöitä ovat leksikaalinen semantiikka (esim. hyponymia), subjektitulkinnat (sama- tai erisubjektisuus), temporaaliset suhteet (sama- tai eriaikaiset asiaintilat) sekä muut tapahtumien väliset kehyssemanttiset suhteet. Käy ilmi, että Te-infinitiivin instruktiivi (TEN-rakenne, esim. syöden), mA-infinitiivin adessiivi (MALLA-rakenne, esim. syömällä) sekä MATTA-rakenne muodostavat suomen infinitiivijärjestelmässä oman semanttisen ryhmänsä, joka ilmaisee erilaisia myötätapahtumisen merkityksiä, kuten tapaa, keinoa ja oheistekoa, finiittiverbillä kuvatun tapahtuman lisäksi. Ne ovat siis niin kutsuttuja lähikonstruktioita, jotka kuvaavat samoja tavan (väljästi) merkityksiä. Lisäksi MATTA-rakenteen abessiivin käsiterakenteen kompleksisuudesta seuraa se, että rakenteen suhde finiittirakenteeseen voi olla myös väljempi kuin TEN- ja MALLA-rakenteilla.   The cognitive semantics of the MATTA-construction This article deals with the meanings of the mA-infinitive abessive (e.g. syö-mättä ‘without eating’, juo-matta ‘without drinking’, nukku-matta ‘without sleeping’) as an adjunct in phrasal expressions in the light of dialect corpora (MATTA-construction). The data has been gathered from Lauseopin arkisto (LA, Syntax Archive), Digitaalinen Muoto-opin arkisto (DMA, Digital Morphology Archive), and from volumes 1–8 of Suomen murteiden sanakirja (SMS, Dictionary of Finnish dialects). The research concentrates on issues such as 1) what type of negation the adverbial MATTA-construction constitutes on a general level and 2) what adverbial meanings can be inferred from it. To examine these questions, the author has employed the (traditional) syntactic–semantic analysis of the corpus data and Frame Semantics as a branch of Construction Grammar. As an adverbial, the MATTA-structure is conceptually attached to a frame defined by the dominant finite structure, and its meanings depend on the relationship between the finite and the infinite structures. Factors influencing this interpretation are lexical semantics (e.g. hyponymy), subject interpretations (the same or different subjects), temporality (the same or different temporal affinities), and other frame semantic relationships between states of affairs. It becomes apparent that the Te-infinitive instructive (TEN-structure, e.g. syö-den ‘by eating’), the mA-infinitive adessive (MALLA-structure, e.g. syö-mällä ‘by (means of) eating’), and the MATTA-structure constitute a semantic subgroup, i.e. infinitives of manner and means within the Finnish infinitive system. These are associated with divergent meanings of manner. However, the MATTA-structure also carries other meanings of negation due to the complex conceptual structure of the abessive.  

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