Patient Primacy in Balinese

1997 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ketut Artawa ◽  
Barry J. Blake
Keyword(s):  
The Philippines ◽  
Austronesian Languages ◽  
Transitive Verb ◽  
The Subject

In Balinese, as in many Austronesian languages of Indonesia, the Philippines and Taiwan, a transitive verb may appear either in a morphologically unmarked construction in which the Patient is identified with the sole argument of a one-place predicate and is therefore arguably the subject or with a nasal-prefixed verb in a construction where the Agent is the subject. This raises the question of whether the language is ergative, accusative or neither. We argue that it could be considered ergative on the grounds that the Patient is identified with the sole argument of a one-place predicate in the unmarked transitive construction, and that certainly the Patient-subject construction is basic.

Ergativity and Austronesian-Type Voice Systems

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Yoshitaka Erlewine ◽  
Theodore Levin ◽  
Coppe van Urk
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
System Behavior ◽  
Verbal Morphology ◽  
Austronesian Languages ◽  
Interacting Systems ◽  
Familiar Voice ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Genitive Case ◽  
Voice Systems

In an Austronesian-type voice system, one argument is designated the "pivot" in each clause, with verbal morphology indicating the choice of pivot and corresponding changes in case marking and extraction possibilities. It has been suggested that ergativity plays a crucial role in these systems. This paper argues that voice and case reflect separate but interacting systems, which can be dissociated from each other, based on the behavior of voice in Dinka (Nilotic; South Sudan) and Balinese (Austronesian; Indonesia). These languages exhibit familiar voice morphology, but are shown to not involve any ergativity. Instead, we propose that what unifies "voice" system behavior is a lack of structural licensing for subjects in Non-Subject Voices. Different voice systems solve this problem in different ways: Balinese licenses the subject under adjacency with the verb, whereas Dinka allows for a last resort genitive case like in many Austronesian languages of the Philippines and of Taiwan.

III. On the structure of a species of millepora occurring at Tahiti, Society Islands

1877 ◽  
Vol 167 ◽  
pp. 117-135 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Yellow Colour ◽  
Short Account ◽  
Society Islands ◽  
Bright Yellow ◽  
The Subject

In a paper treating mainly on the structure of the Heliopora cœrulea , which was communicated to the Royal Society in the autumn of last year (1875), I gave a short account of the results at which I had arrived from the examination of two species of Millepora obtained at Bermuda and at the Philippines, and expressed my intention of further prosecuting the subject at the Sandwich Islands and Tahiti, should material be forthcoming. At Honolulu no Millepora was met with; and this form apparently does not occur at the Sandwich Islands, the water being too cold for it. At Tahiti a Millepora is very abundant on the reefs in from one to two feet of water, and is very conspicuous because of its bright yellow colour.

You're a Better Filipino than I Am, John Wayne: World War II, Hollywood, and U.S.-Philippines Relations

2002 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles V. Hawley
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Power Relationship ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Colonial Power ◽  
World War ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

Between 1939 and 1945 several Hollywood studios produced significant films set in the war-torn Philippines, including Bataan (MGM, 1943), So Proudly We Hail (Paramount, 1943),and Back to Bataan (RKO,1943). Although these films immediately preceded Philippines independence in 1946, they do not position the Philippines as a soon-to-be autonomous nation. Instead, these films reaffirm, and even celebrate, the unequal colonial power relationship that marked the history of U.S. occupation of the archipelago. A careful reading of these films, which is the subject of this article, reveals the stamina of this colonial ideology (colonial uplift, tutelage, and nation-building) that legitimized U.S. colonial rule in the Phillapines and dates back to the turn of the century. What the perpetuation of this ideology suggests is the postwar neocolonial relationship between the two nations that U.S. government officials anticipated. This revised neocolonial ideology is expressed through the racialized and gendered images of Filipino characters and their interaction with U.S. American characters. The U.S. government attempted to control such images as part of its wartime propaganda, but had to rely on the voluntary compliance of the major Hollywood studios. While the Filipinos in films like Back to Bataan, made at the war's end, appear to challenge the racist stereotypes of prior films, they are re-inscribed by a neocolonial form of U.S. supremacy—— framed as wartime U.S. guidance and Filipino dependency.

Asian International Adoptions

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison Varzally
Keyword(s):  
Asian American ◽  
International Adoption ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
American Family ◽  
International Adoptions ◽  
National Belonging ◽  
Immigration History ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

Although Americans have adopted and continue to adopt children from all over the world, Asian minors have immigrated and joined American families in the greatest numbers and most shaped our collective understanding of the process and experiences of adoption. The movement and integration of infants and youths from Japan, the Philippines, India, Vietnam, Korea, and China (the most common sending nations in the region) since the 1940s have not only altered the composition and conception of the American family but also reflected and reinforced the complexities of U.S. relations with and actions in Asia. In tracing the history of Asian international adoption, we can undercover shifting ideas of race and national belonging. The subject enriches the fields of Asian American and immigration history.

scholarly journals Effects of Upstream Water Level on Dynamic Response of Earth Dam

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Shong-Loong Chen ◽  
Chun-Fu Lin ◽  
James C. Ni ◽  
Meen-Wah Gui
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Response ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Earth Dam ◽  
Mountainous Area ◽  
Earth Dams ◽  
Appropriate Use ◽  
Centrifuge Model ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Subject

The island of Taiwan is located between the boundaries of the Eurasia and the Philippines Plates and thus earthquakes occurred frequently. The excitation of earthquake affects the integrity of earth dams situated in the mountainous area of the island. A study was conducted to evaluate the dynamic response and safety of one of the earthquake dams. The computer program and soil model used were calibrated for their appropriate use for the subject dam against a well-instrumented centrifuge model. Numerical simulation was then conducted to examine the influence of upstream water storage level on the response of the earth dam. The numerical results identified three locations in the dam where attentions are required because these locations were found susceptible to liquefaction.

An Ergative Historiography

1977 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Seely
Keyword(s):  
American Indian ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Indian Languages ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Transitive Verb ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Causative Construction ◽  
Polynesian Languages ◽  
Insight Into

Summary The most widely accepted definition of ‘ergative’ is in terms of a grammatical case, namely, the subject of a transitive verb, wherein that case is opposed to a second case, the ‘absolutive’ (‘nominative’), which includes both the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive. Languages which have been referred to as ‘ergative’ or as containing ‘ergative constructions’ include Basque, Eskimo, most languages from the Caucasus and from Australia, some Polynesian languages, Burushaski, the Paleosiberian languages, Sumerian, Hittite, some Papuan languages, Tibetan, most members of the Indic branch of Indo-European, and many American Indian languages. Insight into speculation on the nature of the ergative leads to a study of the terminology applied before the coinage of the term ‘ergative’ in 1912 (by Adolf Dirr). The term itself has been given varied definitions. Fillmore pictured the ergative as a causative construction; John Anderson suggested ‘ergative’ as a semantic marker; John Lyons describes an ‘ideal ergative’ which is agentive in nature. The bizarre conjecture surrounding the study of ergative languages has included a long debate as to the active or passive nature of the ergative construction and, secondly, the fantasy that an ergative language was a ‘primitive’ one whose speakers had a ‘Weltanschauung’ opposed to that possessed by speakers of a nominative-accusative language. Rather than either active or passive it has also been postulated that the verb is bidirectional and that verb and nouns in some ergative constructions are in a kind of apposition with each other; in addition, these often occur in sets of relationships which are determined by the semantic nature of the nouns and verb. The term ‘semantic ergative’ is suggested here to describe the presence of the ergative marker due to semantic features as +movement, +voluntary, or + emphasis. Although found most commonly as subject of a transitive verb, this semantic ergative may nevertheless also be found as subject of an intransitive.

Resolving the phylogenetic affinities of Kappaphycus inermis within the genus Kappaphycus (Gigartinales, Solieriaceae) using mitochondrial and plastid markers

Phytotaxa ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 162 (4) ◽  
pp. 223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Verano Dumilag ◽  
Arturo Lluisma
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rubisco Spacer ◽  
Phylogenetic Placement ◽  
Sister Clade ◽  
Plastid Markers ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Phylogenetic Affinities ◽  
Local Farmers

Although the phylogeny of the genus Kappaphycus has been the subject of a number of published studies, the phylogenetic placement of Kappaphycus inermis within the genus has remained unresolved.  In this study, we sought to determine the phylogenetic affinities of K. inermis with the other congeneric species using mitochondrial (cox1 and cox2–3 spacer) and plastid (rbcL and RuBisCo spacer) markers, using specimens collected from northwestern Philippines. Morphological observations of the collected materials confirmed the presence of key morphological features that distinguish K. inermis from the other members of Kappaphycus. Molecular analyses based on the organellar genetic markers revealed that K. inermis is indeed phylogenetically distinct from K. alvarezii, K. striatus, K. cottonii and K. malesianus, a species which was recently erected based on specimens from Malaysia. The Philippine K. inermis specimens formed a sister clade to K. malesianus (also referred to as “Aring-aring” in Malaysia) in phylogenetic trees inferred from cox1, cox2–3 spacer and rbcL, but not the RuBisCo spacer whose sequence is identical in both K. inermis and K. malesianus.  The analysis also revealed  that specimens of unidentified Kappaphycus species collected from two other sites in the Philippines and referred to as “Aring-aring” by local farmers/traders were varieties of K. alvarezii and K. striatus.

Une Classe de Constructions Adjectivales à Sujet-Complétive en Coréen

1995 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-354
Author(s):  
Jeesun Nam
Keyword(s):  
Transitive Verb ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Syntactic Relation

The adjectives described in this paper are defined by the following syntactic relation: (1) a. [N1-Acc VR - ki]0Adj ([V-inf N1 W]0 be Adj) b.= (N1)0 [VR - ki], - i Adj ((N,)0 be Adj Prep [V-inf W]) For example: [i This nunce problem -lîl Acc phul resolve -ki Sinf] -ka nmtf himtîl hard -ta St (To resolve this problem is hard) [i This nunce problem -nîn nmtf [phul resolve -ki Sinf] -ka Postp himtîl hard -ta St (This problem is hard to resolve) The relation (1) concerns some adjectival constructions which contain a sentential clause, reduced to an infinitive (i.e. the subject is deleted) and introduced by the suffix -ki. This infinitive is made up of an accusative complement and a transitive verb. We are interested in the syntactic relation between these two constructions, without supposing any transformational operations nor treating any changes of semantic and logical focus between each pair. The class of adjectives defined by the relation (1), codified as AP, includes about 320 items. It is contained in the classes of adjectives carac-terised by a subject-completive in our classification of Korean adjectives (about 5300 adjectives).

scholarly journals Comparative Ergative and Accusative Structures in Three Philippine Languages

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Rodney Jubilado
Keyword(s):  
The Philippines ◽  
Minimalist Program ◽  
Lexical Information ◽  
Austronesian Languages ◽  
Verb Phrase ◽  
Structural Relations ◽  
Structural Configurations ◽  
Syntactic Relations ◽  
Local Assignment

Cebuano, Filipino, and Isamal are classified as Austronesian languages that are spoken in the Philippines. This paper deals with the comparative ergative and accusative structures of the aforementioned languages with focus on the syntactic relations and processes. The varieties of these languages are the ones used in Samal Island, Davao, Philippines. Aimed at the structural configurations, the verb phrase (VP) and the tense phrase (TP) are analytically scrutinized as the cartographic projections of the lexical information encoded in the argument structures and the thematic structures of the verbs. With the employment of the Minimalist Program in the analysis, the computation includes the movement, checking of features, and assignment of theta roles within the structures of the three languages. Findings include the (1) similarity of structural relations and processes in the VP and the TP of the three languages, (2) movement of the verb from the VP to the TP, and (3) merger of the verb complements occur in the VP that ensures the local assignment of theta roles and the checking of cases.

scholarly journals Austronesians in the Northern Waters?

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 272-300
Author(s):  
Alexander Vovin
Keyword(s):  
Historical Linguistics ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Reasonable Doubt ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Major Focus ◽  
Austronesian Languages ◽  
Old Japanese ◽  
Celestial Bodies ◽  
Seminal Article ◽  
First Time

Abstract The following lines are inspired by John Kupchik’s seminal article ‘Austronesian Lights the Way’ that appears in this volume of JEAL. It demonstrated beyond any reasonable doubt for the first time that there are reliable Austronesian loanwords in Japonic that reveal quite ancient and profound contacts, because without these profound contacts the borrowing of the names of the most basic celestial bodies, such as the sun and the moon, would not be possible. In my opinion, his article opened a new and an exciting direction in the Japonic historical linguistics. There are, however, two important differences between Kupchik’s article and the present one. First, while Kupchik mostly concentrated on the Amis language from Taiwan, and to a less extent on the languages of Philippines and other Western Malayo- Polynesian, my major focus is on the Philippines languages as potential donors, and much less on other Austronesian languages of the region. Second, while Kupchik looked mostly on mysterious words in the Omoro Sōshi, a collection of Old Okinawan and Amami sacred and folk poems (1531–1623 AD), this article focuses more on Old Japanese in particular and Japonic in general.

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