Canada-U.S. softwood lumber dispute: background.

2021 ◽  
pp. 10-26
Author(s):  
G. Cornelis van Kooten ◽  
Harry Nelson ◽  
Fatemeh Mokhtarzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Tariff Rate ◽  
Gains From Trade ◽  
Excess Supply ◽  
Demand Functions ◽  
Softwood Lumber ◽  
Modeling Approaches ◽  
Tariff Rate Quotas ◽  
Export Taxes ◽  
History Of

Abstract In this chapter, we examine the importance of softwood lumber production to Canada's economy and provide a brief history of the Canada-U.S. softwood lumber dispute and its resolution on various occasions using U.S. countervailing and anti-dumping duties, export taxes or various types of quota regimes, including tariff rate quotas. The construction of excess supply and demand functions is explained, as are the gains from trade. This helps inform the modeling approaches that are identified in later chapters.

Canada-U.S. softwood lumber dispute: background.

2021 ◽  
pp. 10-26
Author(s):  
G. Cornelis van Kooten ◽  
Harry Nelson ◽  
Fatemeh Mokhtarzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Tariff Rate ◽  
Gains From Trade ◽  
Excess Supply ◽  
Demand Functions ◽  
Softwood Lumber ◽  
Modeling Approaches ◽  
Tariff Rate Quotas ◽  
Export Taxes ◽  
History Of

Abstract In this chapter, we examine the importance of softwood lumber production to Canada's economy and provide a brief history of the Canada-U.S. softwood lumber dispute and its resolution on various occasions using U.S. countervailing and anti-dumping duties, export taxes or various types of quota regimes, including tariff rate quotas. The construction of excess supply and demand functions is explained, as are the gains from trade. This helps inform the modeling approaches that are identified in later chapters.

Corn trade simulations of China: reduction in tariffs versus expansion in tariff-rate quotas

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Liu ◽  
Masato Yamazaki ◽  
Atsushi Koike ◽  
Yueying Mu
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Advantage ◽  
Computable General Equilibrium ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Tariff Rate ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Trade Restrictions ◽  
Domestic Production ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Tariff Rate Quotas ◽  
Self Sufficiency

PurposeCorn, which has the highest domestic production, planting area and consumption, is the top cereal in relation to demand and supply in China. However, the comparative advantage of China in corn has continuously deteriorated in recent years and based on the recent situation and possible supply and demand trends, it is widely accepted that a corn self-sufficiency rate of 95% is difficult to achieve. Under current import-restriction policies, corn may stand at the crossroads of reforms to solve its predicted insufficient supply. In this study, the authors analyse the necessity of relaxing trade restrictions on corn in China and explore the effects of trade restrictions by reducing tariffs and expanding tariff-rate quotas on corn and related industries and the welfare change caused by possible relaxations.Design/methodology/approachThe authors construct a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model and design nine scenarios for the analysis.FindingsThe results show that relaxations of import restrictions are probable methods to meet the aim of sufficient corn supply during shortages. They are simulated to reduce corn's domestic production and price, increase import and import prices and lead to a decline in self-sufficiency but benefit the production of corn-related industries of corn. The results also imply that expanding the quota is a better method for releasing trade restrictions in China.Originality/valueThe comparative advantage of China in corn deteriorated with an increase in prices. Based on the current situation and possible trends of supply and demand, the referenced goal of achieving 95% corn self-sufficiency appears difficult, implying that reliance on imports is probably imminent and vital. This study provides simulation results in future scenarios and offers policy implications for China's corn trade policies.

Future of Commodity Markets and Investments

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hunter M. Holzhauer
Keyword(s):  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Commodity Markets ◽  
Investment Banks ◽  
Algorithmic Trading ◽  
Excess Supply ◽  
The Future ◽  
Change Concerns ◽  
Global Population ◽  
Regulatory Trends

This chapter begins with a breakdown of recent growth trends for the overall commodities market. However, the long-term future of the market will heavily depend on three pressing issues: excess supply, increased regulations, and algorithmic trading. The section on excess supply explores how traders are changing strategies to adjust to the current imbalance between supply and demand, especially in the steel industry, and how that imbalance might change in the future based on global population trends and climate change concerns. The next section examines several regulatory trends, including the dramatic exodus of some investment banks from certain segments of the commodities market followed by a section focusing on how algorithmic trading is influencing how commodities are traded. A discussion of potential scenarios for the commodities market follows. The chapter concludes by examining a few ways in which the market and commodity traders may both survive and even thrive in the future.

scholarly journals China – Tariff Rate Quotas for Certain Agricultural Products: Against the Grain: Can the WTO Open Chinese Markets? A Contaminated Experiment

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Joseph Glauber ◽  
Simon Lester
Keyword(s):  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
The United States ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Tariff Rate ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Tariff Rate Quotas ◽  
International Obligations ◽  
Trade Relationship ◽  
Key Issues

Abstract The US complaint about Chinese tariff-rate quotas (TRQs) on certain grain products helps illustrate several key issues in US–China trade relations and the effectiveness of WTO disputes. First, do international obligations based on transparency and fairness work in relation to an authoritarian country not known for the rule of law domestically? Second, can there be a disconnect between the legal aspects of a dispute and the underlying economic interests, with a DSB ruling sometimes not leading to improved trade flows? And third, given the bilateral trade war and ‘phase one’ trade deal between the United States and China, has the WTO been superseded in this trade relationship? This paper summarizes the facts and law of the China–TRQs dispute, and examines each of these questions in that context.

scholarly journals Regulation and Decriminalisation of Illegal Substances in Thailand

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rasmon Kalayasiri ◽  
Teerayuth Rungnirundorn ◽  
Robert Ali ◽  
John Marsden
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Middle Income Country ◽  
Drug Control ◽  
Psychoactive Substances ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Country Level ◽  
History Of ◽  
Legal Controls

Psychoactive substances – chemical compounds which can alter a person’s mood, thoughts, and behaviors may be liable to misuse and cause addiction. Internationally, many strategies have been implemented in order to limit the supply and demand of illegal substances, with a wide variation at the country level. Thailand is an upper-middle income country in Southeast Asia. Since 2015, Thai authorities and policymakers have instituted many changes to the legal controls on illegal drugs. The aim of this review was to summarise the history of drug control and regulation in Thailand, focusing on opioids (including Kratom), methamphetamines and cannabis, and the outcome of recent strategies. Recent measures towards decriminalising substance use disorders are also discussed.

scholarly journals Health in Brazil: examples for the world

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malaquias Batista Filho ◽  
Anete Rissin
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health Care Services ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Rural Families ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Care Services ◽  
Intervention Models ◽  
History Of ◽  
Demand For Health ◽  
Information Framework

In the year 2012, for the first time in the history of humanity, the urban population has exceeded the rural population. This change has been conditioned, in large part, by migratory flows in the direction of the field to the cities, singularizing the importance of the situation according to epidemiological, ecological, political, and social aspects. These issues are highlighted by the United Nations (UNICEF and WHO) especially considering the remarkable and growing relevance that the poverty condition of rural families exercises in this displacement, creating a remarkable adverse and conflictive environment, mainly in the health sector. This fact occurs because the infrastructure of urban services is not keeping up with the sprawls in the outskirts of the cities of medium and large sizes. These arguments, of universal character, assume a crucial importance in developing countries, as in the case of Brazil, Latin America, an Asian subcontinent and the greater part of Africa. It is a context that justifies the I Brazilian Workshop on the Health of Subnormal Urban Clusters (old slums) to be held in Recife, as a strategy to consolidate a basic information framework about the epidemiological scenario, the supply and demand for health care services in urban areas of poverty. With an propositional objective: establish an agenda for research and intervention models having as focus the priorities of health of these urban spaces submitted to socio-economic conditions of recognized vulnerability.

Competition with supply and demand functions

2001 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friedel Bolle
Keyword(s):  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Demand Functions
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