To control the nematode Anguina funesta (considered by some to be A. agrostis), the vector in annual ryegrass toxicity, pasture management treatments were applied before and after gall initiation. Before gall initiation, the herbicides paraquat and diclofop methyl were used to remove ryegrass. These treatments gave good control of the nematode, but reduced pasture production in winter when feed is generally scarce. Diclofop methyl had no detrimental effect on legume growth, and was more effective on actively growing ryegrass than was paraquat, which severely retarded subterranean clover. Desiccating the ryegrass heads, with mechanical topping or the desiccant herbicide paraquat, after gall initiation, but before hatching of the second-stage juveniles ( J2s ) , gave good control of the nematode population. The main limitations with mechanical topping are that the ryegrass heads must be tall enough to cut before the J2s hatch and not all paddocks are suitable for topping. With paraquat, the main limitations are that treated material was susceptible to weathering and there was less regrowth to set seed. Oxamyl, a systemic nematicide applied after gall initiation, had no effect on the nematode, nor had spraying pasture with the nematode parasitic fungus Verticillium sp.
Genetic analysis ofClavibacter toxicus, the agent of annual ryegrass toxicity