Control of the nematode associated with annual ryegrass toxicity

1983 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 403 ◽  
Author(s):  
AC McKay ◽  
JM Fisher ◽  
AJ Dube
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Parasitic Fungus ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Legume Growth ◽  
Annual Ryegrass Toxicity

To control the nematode Anguina funesta (considered by some to be A. agrostis), the vector in annual ryegrass toxicity, pasture management treatments were applied before and after gall initiation. Before gall initiation, the herbicides paraquat and diclofop methyl were used to remove ryegrass. These treatments gave good control of the nematode, but reduced pasture production in winter when feed is generally scarce. Diclofop methyl had no detrimental effect on legume growth, and was more effective on actively growing ryegrass than was paraquat, which severely retarded subterranean clover. Desiccating the ryegrass heads, with mechanical topping or the desiccant herbicide paraquat, after gall initiation, but before hatching of the second-stage juveniles ( J2s ) , gave good control of the nematode population. The main limitations with mechanical topping are that the ryegrass heads must be tall enough to cut before the J2s hatch and not all paddocks are suitable for topping. With paraquat, the main limitations are that treated material was susceptible to weathering and there was less regrowth to set seed. Oxamyl, a systemic nematicide applied after gall initiation, had no effect on the nematode, nor had spraying pasture with the nematode parasitic fungus Verticillium sp.

Manipulation of buried seed reserves by timing of soil tillage in Mediterranean-type pastures

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 71 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Forcella ◽  
AM Gill
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
Polygonum Aviculare ◽  
Red Brome ◽  
Bromus Rubens

Environmental requirements for seed germination and seedling growth vary appreciably among pasture species. Therefore, it is possible that the botanical composition of pastures may be manipulated by timely seasonal exposure of the soil-seed reserve to conditions that promote germination differentially. This possibility was examined in two Mediterranean type pastures in which plots were tilled once per year, each in a different month, for 2 years. For several pasture species, effects were estimated with respect to numbers of soil seeds, numbers of emergent seedlings and canopy coverage. Individual species showed specific behaviour patterns. Seeds of sorrel (Rumex acetosella) and wireweed (Polygonum aviculare) maintained abundant seed in the soil, those of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) were less persistent, and seeds of red brome (Bromus rubens) and silvergrass ( Vulpia spp.) occurred only seasonally in the soil-seed pools. Mature plants of red brome, silvergrass and subterranean clover attained dominance only in summer and early autumn-tilled plots. Annual ryegrass was more abundant when soil was cultivated in late autumn and early winter, whereas sorrel and wireweed were significant only in plots ploughed in winter. Thus botanical composition may be altered radically by time of tillage, and this has several practical implications for pasture management and weed control.

Ecological field studies on Anguina funesta, the vector in annual ryegrass toxicity

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 917 ◽  
Author(s):  
AC McKay ◽  
JM Fisher ◽  
AJ Dube
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Annual Ryegrass Toxicity

Entry of second-stage juveniles (J2) of Anguina funesta into the apex of Lolium rigidum was dependent on environmental conditions and so varied in 1978 and 1979. Penetration and initiation of galls dependent on stage of development of the plant, was more consistent and occurred in late August-early September. Two to three nematodes initiated each gall. The first egg was deposited at the end of September and the first J2 hatched in mid-October. The implications of these observations for control are discussed. Mowing and grazing, the fungus Dilophospora alopecuri, and good clover growth all showed promise in reducing numbers of the nematode.

Effect of stocking rate, lambing time and pasture management on wool and lamb production on annual subterranean clover pasture

1976 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 261 ◽  
Author(s):  
RD Fitzgerald
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
Preparation Phase ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
June July ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Clover Pasture

Border Leicester x Merino ewes mated to Dorset Horn rams grazed subterranean clover and annual ryegrass pasture in a 2 x 2 x 4 factorial arrangement having two stocking rates (8.1 and 12.3 eweslha); two lambing times—winter (May, June, July), and spring (August, September); and four management systems, viz. set stocking (SS), autumn saving and spring hay cut (AS), replacement of half the pasture by oats or lucerne (ISP), and replacement of half the pasture by both oats and lucerne, a quarter each (2SP). The percentage of lambs born to ewes mated was lowest from May lambing and progressively increased up to August–September lambing. However, although July lambing produced marginally fewer lambs with slower growth rates than August–September lambing, the difference was not significant and the extra time available with July lambing for lambs to reach a marketable liveweight before pasture senescence meant that the earlier lambing treatment actually produced more prime lambs. The set stocking and autumn saving systems resulted in greater annual wool and lamb production than the substitute pasture systems. Any extra fodder available from oats or lucerne in those treatments failed to make up for losses in animal production associated with a reduction in available fodder during the crop preparation phase. Deterioration of annual pasture caused by plant losses associated with intermittent grazing may have reduced production further in substitute pasture treatments. The results suggest that in southern Australia on annual subterranean clover pasture the optimum level of stocking and the pasture management strategy for prime lamb production can be assessed by a careful observation of the botanical succession taking place, especially if the pasture is continuously grazed. The results also suggest that optimum fertility should be foregone in favour of an earlier lambing, in order to provide sufficient time before pasture senescence for lambs to reach a marketable liveweight. The optimum time for lambing for prime lamb production for a particular region will depend on the time of year when the pasture in the region normally matures.

Effect of timing of glyphosate and 2,2-DPA application on establishment of surface-sown pasture species

1976 ◽  
Vol 16 (81) ◽  
pp. 491 ◽  
Author(s):  
MH Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Residual Effect ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Resident Species ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Winter Annuals ◽  
Residual Herbicide

In two experiments on unploughed hill country near Turondale, New South Wales, the effects were examined of applying glyphosate and 2,2-DPA before and after the autumn break and at various intervals before sowing on the establishment of surface-sown Medicago sativa, Trifolium subterraneum, Dactylis glomerata and Phalaris tuberosa. Good control of resident species was obtained by applying herbicides from 10 to 30 days after autumn rain had promoted germination of winter annuals; poor control resulted if herbicides were applied before the autumn break. Glyphosate was more efficient in controlling resident species than 2,2-DPA. The establishment of all species except subterranean clover depended on good control of the resident plants. It was also necessary to have an adequate period between spraying and sowing to allow the residual herbicide to dissipate; 10 days was sufficient for the grasses, 20 days for lucerne and longer for subterranean clover. A 4.5 kg a.e. ha-1 rate of glyphosata had a more serious residual effect than a 1.5 kg a.e. ha-1 rate or the 2,2-DPA treatment. Results showed that good establishment of surface-sown legumes and grasses can be obtained by applying 0.5 to 1.5 kg a.e. ha-1 of glyphosate, or 8.7 kg a.e. ha-1 of 2,2-DPA, 10 to 30 days after autumn rain and then sowing 10 to 20 days later.

Addressing on-farm management to enhance pasture productivity and persistence

2013 ◽  
pp. 241-244
Author(s):  
W.N. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Operating Profit ◽  
The North ◽  
The Cost ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Attention To Detail

Following the 2007/08 drought, we experienced poor pasture production and persistence on our dairy farm in north Waikato, leading to decreased milksolids production and a greater reliance on bought-in feed. It is estimated that the cost of this to our farming operation was about $1300 per hectare per year in lost operating profit. While climate and black beetle were factors, they did not explain everything, and other factors were also involved. In the last 3 years we have changed our management strategies to better withstand dry summers, the catalyst for which was becoming the DairyNZ Pasture Improvement Focus Farm for the north Waikato. The major changes we made were to reduce stocking rate, actively manage pastures in summer to reduce over-grazing, and pay more attention to detail in our pasture renewal programme. To date the result has been a reduced need for pasture renewal, a lift in whole farm performance and increased profitability. Keywords: Focus farm, over-grazing, pasture management, pasture persistence, profitability

scholarly journals Systemic Lupus Erythematosus before and after COVID-19 Lockdown: How the Perception of Disease Changes through the Lenses of Narrative Medicine

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 726
Author(s):  
Fulvia Ceccarelli ◽  
Venusia Covelli ◽  
Giulio Olivieri ◽  
Francesco Natalucci ◽  
Fabrizio Conti
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Narrative Medicine ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Systemic Lupus ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Text Content ◽  
Insight Into

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic contributes to the burden of living with different diseases, including Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). We described, from a narrative point of view, the experiences and perspectives of Italian SLE adults during the COVID-19 emergency, by distinguishing the illness experience before and after the lockdown. Methods: Fifteen patients were invited to participate. Illness narratives were collected between 22 and 29 March 2020 using a written modality to capture patients’ perspectives before and after the COVID-19 lockdown. We performed a two-fold analysis of collected data by distinguishing three narrative types and a qualitative analysis of content to identify the relevant themes and sub-themes reported. Results: Eight narratives included in the final analysis (mean length 436.9 words) have been written by eight females (mean age 43.3 ± 9.9 years, mean disease duration 13.1 ± 7.4 years). Six patients provided a quest narrative, one a chaos and the remaining one a restitution narrative. By text content analysis, we identified specific themes, temporally distinct before and after the lockdown. Before COVID-19, all the patients referred to a good control of disease, however the unexpected arrival of the COVID-19 emergency broke a balance, and patients perceived the loss of health status control, with anxiety and stress. Conclusions: We provided unique insight into the experiences of people with SLE at the time of COVID-19, underlining the perspective of patients in relation to the pandemic.

scholarly journals Evaluating the effectiveness of measures to control the novel coronavirus disease 2019 in Jilin Province, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qinglong Zhao ◽  
Yao Wang ◽  
Meng Yang ◽  
Meina Li ◽  
Zeyu Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Asymptomatic Infection ◽  
Jilin Province ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
First Case ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background Based on differences in populations and prevention and control measures, the spread of new coronary pneumonia in different countries and regions also differs. This study aimed to calculate the transmissibility of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and to evaluate the effectiveness of measures to control the disease in Jilin Province, China. Methods The data of reported COVID-19 cases were collected, including imported and local cases from Jilin Province as of March 14, 2019. A Susceptible–Exposed–Infectious–Asymptomatic–Recovered/Removed (SEIAR) model was developed to fit the data, and the effective reproduction number (Reff) was calculated at different stages in the province. Finally, the effectiveness of the measures was assessed. Results A total of 97 COVID-19 infections were reported in Jilin Province, among which 45 were imported infections (including one asymptomatic infection) and 52 were local infections (including three asymptomatic infections). The model fit the reported data well (R2 = 0.593, P < 0.001). The Reff of COVID-19 before and after February 1, 2020 was 1.64 and 0.05, respectively. Without the intervention taken on February 1, 2020, the predicted cases would have reached a peak of 177,011 on October 22, 2020 (284 days from the first case). The projected number of cases until the end of the outbreak (on October 9, 2021) would have been 17,129,367, with a total attack rate of 63.66%. Based on the comparison between the predicted incidence of the model and the actual incidence, the comprehensive intervention measures implemented in Jilin Province on February 1 reduced the incidence of cases by 99.99%. Therefore, according to the current measures and implementation efforts, Jilin Province can achieve good control of the virus’s spread. Conclusions COVID-19 has a moderate transmissibility in Jilin Province, China. The interventions implemented in the province had proven effective; increasing social distancing and a rapid response by the prevention and control system will help control the spread of the disease.

scholarly journals Eco-Friendly Fired Brick Produced from Industrial Ash and Natural Clay: A Study of Waste Reuse

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 877 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neslihan Doğan-Sağlamtimur ◽  
Ahmet Bilgil ◽  
Magdalena Szechyńska-Hebda ◽  
Sławomir Parzych ◽  
Marek Hebda
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Bottom Ash ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Waste Reuse ◽  
Industrial Solid Waste ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Fired Bricks ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
And Storage

Bottom ash (BA) is an industrial solid waste formed by the burning of coal. The environmental problems and storage costs caused by this waste increase with every passing day. In this study, the use of BA as an additive (clay substitute) in fired brick production was investigated. The study consisted of two stages. In the first stage, cylinder blocks were produced from clay used in brick production. The second stage was the examination of the experimental substitution of clay with 10, 20, 30 and 40% BA. Samples were fired at 900, 1000, 1100 and 1150 °C to produce fired brick samples. The unit weight, compressive strength (before and after freeze–thawing) and water absorption were analyzed for the samples. The unit weight values decreased in the samples containing BA. The mechanical properties met the conditions prescribed in the relevant standards; i.e., all of the samples fired at 1100 and 1150 °C had a sufficient compressive strength over 20 MPa. The high potential of fired bricks for the construction industry was proved. BA can be used as a clay substitute, while the developed protocol can be used to effectively produce fired bricks.

Competition among seedlings of perennial grasses, subterranean clover, white clover, and annual ryegrass in replacement series mixtures

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 377 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Lodge
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Plant Competition ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Estimates ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
Successful Establishment

Seedlings of 3 perennial grasses, Danthonia linkii Kunthcv. Bunderra, D. richardsonii Cashmore cv. Taranna(wallaby grasses), and Phalaris aquatica L. cv. Sirosa,were each grown in replacement series mixtures with seedlings ofTrifolium repens L. (white clover),Trifolium subterraneum L. var. brachycalycinum (Katzn.et Morley) Zorahy & Heller cv. Clare (subterraneanclover), and Lolium rigidum L. (annual ryegrass). Plantswere sown 5 cm apart in boxes (45 by 29 by 20 cm) at a density of 307plants/m2. Maximum likelihood estimates were usedto derive parameters of a non-linear competition model using the dry matterweights of perennial grasses and competitors at 3 harvests, approximately 168,216, and 271 days after sowing. Intra-plant competition was examined inmonocultures of each species, grown at plant spacings of 2, 5, and 8 cm apartwith plants harvested at the above times.Competition occurred in all perennial grass–competitor mixtures, exceptin those of each perennial grass with white clover and thephalaris–subterranean clover mixture (Harvest 1) and those withD. richardsonii and phalaris grown with white clover(Harvest 2). For D. richardsonii (Harvests 1 and 2) andD. linkii (Harvest 1 only) grown with white clover andthe phalaris–subterranean clover (Harvest 1), the two species in themixture were not competing. In the phalaris–white clover mixture, eachspecies was equally competitive (Harvests 1 and 2). These differences incompetition and aggressiveness reflected differences in individual plantweights in monocultures where there was an effect (P < 0.05) of species ondry matter weight per box, but no significant effect of plant spacing.These data indicated that for successful establishment,D. richardsonii and D. linkiishould not be sown in swards with either subterranean clover or white clover,or where populations of annual ryegrass seedlings are likely to be high.Phalaris was more compatible with both white clover and subterranean clover,but aggressively competed with by annual ryegrass.

Sampling ryegrass to assess the risk of annual ryegrass toxicity

2008 ◽  
Vol 70 (7) ◽  
pp. 241-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALAN C McKAY ◽  
IAN T RILEY
Keyword(s):  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Annual Ryegrass Toxicity
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