scholarly journals A biochemical explanation for the fatty liver and kidney syndrome of broilers: its alleviation by the short-term use of dietary fat

1977 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Balnave ◽  
R. B. Cumming ◽  
T. M. Sutherland
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Liver Lipid ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
Atp Citrate Lyase ◽  
Commercial Diet ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Citrate Lyase ◽  
Liver And Kidney

1. Fatty liver and kidney syndrome (FLKS) was induced in young broiler chickens by giving them a diet composed principally of wheat and meat meal.2. FLKS resulted in reduced growth and increased liver weight; fasting for 18 h increased mortality, liver lipid and the specific activity of hepatic ATP-citrate lyase compared with birds fed on a commercial diet. The specific activities of hepatic fructose-l,6-diphosphate-l-phosphohydrolase and pyruvate carboxylase were reduced in birds suffering from FLKS and fasted for 18 h.3. Feeding of the FLKS-inducing diet supplemented with 150 g animal tallow/kg for 54 h considerably reduced mortality while restoring liver composition and enzyme activities towards those observed in birds fed a commercial diet. Investigations indicated that the glycerol component of the fat was not responsible for the observed responses.4. The present results suggest that in FLKS insufficiencies of biotin are induced in specific enzyme systems, but the syndrome may be alleviated without the use of supplementary biotin.5. The evidence indicates that, when stressed, birds affected by FLKS die from the hypoglycaemia occurring as a result of a reduced capacity for gluconeogenesis.

INDUCTION BY GONADAL HORMONES OF HEPATIC LIPOGENIC ENZYME ACTIVITY IN IMMATURE PULLETS

1974 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. BALNAVE ◽  
J. PEARCE
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Liver Lipid ◽  
Lipogenic Enzyme ◽  
Atp Citrate Lyase ◽  
Liver Lipid Content ◽  
Hormone Administration ◽  
Citrate Lyase ◽  
Specific Activities

SUMMARY The effect of gonadal hormone administration on hepatic lipogenic enzyme activity, and some physiological parameters was investigated in immature pullets. Pullets (aged 4 weeks) were allocated to treatment groups and received intramuscular injections of oestradiol, testosterone, progesterone or oestradiol + testosterone (all in 0·3 ml corn oil) or corn oil alone (control group). There was no evidence of any hormone-induced changes in the specific activity of hepatic ATP-citrate lyase 1, 3, 6 and 12 h after hormone administration. NADP-malate dehydrogenase exhibited significant variations in specific activity over this period of time and it is probable that these changes reflected an increased requirement for NADPH for synthetic purposes in hormone-treated birds. The effect of 1, 2, 4 and 9 days of hormone administration was also investigated. In testosterone-treated birds there were significant increases in the specific activities of both lipogenic enzymes after 1 day of hormone treatment whereas for birds receiving oestradiol the maximum specific activities were found on the second day. Similarly, the liver lipid content of oestradioltreated birds showed a substantial increase on day 2. After 9 days of hormone administration no significant differences in the specific activity of ATP-citrate lyase were observed between treatments but the specific activity of NADP-malate dehydrogenase was significantly reduced in oestradiol- or mixed hormone-treated birds; it is possible that the reduced enzyme activity is associated with a reduced requirement for NADPH and in this connexion there were no further increases in liver lipid content or liver weight after 4 days of hormone administration. The liver RNA:DNA ratio tended to be greatest in birds receiving oestradiol or oestradiol + testosterone. Studies utilizing inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis showed that such compounds abolished the increases in lipogenic enzyme activity following hormone administration suggesting that these increases were hormone-induced effects. These results are discussed in relation to the effects of the various hormones on liver lipid metabolism and also in relation to the situation in the mature laying hen.

scholarly journals Studies of fatty liver and kidney syndrome in chickens: dynamics of glucose metabolism

1977 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Balnave ◽  
J. Wolfenden ◽  
F. M. Ball ◽  
R. B. Cumming ◽  
R. A. Leng
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Physical Symptoms ◽  
Lower Plasma ◽  
Commercial Diet ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Lower Plasma Glucose ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Pool Sizes

1. Fatty liver and kidney syndrome (FLKS) was induced in a proportion of a group of 4-week-old chickens by giving a diet of meat meal and wheat; inclusion in the diet of animal tallow for 54 h substantially reduced the occurrence of FLKS.2. Measurements of dynamic aspects of glucose metabolism were made with single injections of [2-3H]glucose which indicated that birds given the ‘FLKS-inducing’ diet and showing physical symptoms of FLKS had significantly lower rates of synthesis of glucose than birds given either the same diet supplemented with tallow or a commercial diet.3. In a second series of experiments glucose metabolism was studied in birds (1) with or without physical symptoms that were given the ‘FLKS-inducing’ diet and (2) birds given the same diet supplemented with tallow or biotin. Affected birds fed the ‘FLKS-inducing’ diet had significantly lower plasma glucose concentrations, pool sizes and synthesis rates than birds fed the same diet and not showing symptoms, or birds fed the supplemented diets.4. It is suggested that the cause of death in birds with FLKS is a low rate of gluconeogenesis during periods without feed which results in a lack of glucose to meet essential functions.

scholarly journals Both Subunits of ATP-Citrate Lyase from Chlorobium tepidum Contribute to Catalytic Activity

2006 ◽  
Vol 188 (18) ◽  
pp. 6544-6552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wonduck Kim ◽  
F. Robert Tabita
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Mechanism ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
High Specific Activity ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Chlorobium Tepidum ◽  
Atp Citrate Lyase ◽  
Citrate Lyase ◽  
Green Sulfur

ABSTRACT ATP-citrate lyase (ACL) is an essential enzyme of the reductive tricarboxylic acid (RTCA) pathway of CO2 assimilation. The RTCA pathway occurs in several groups of autotrophic prokaryotes, including the green sulfur bacteria. ACL catalyzes the coenzyme A (CoA)-dependent and MgATP-dependent cleavage of citrate into oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA, representing a key step in the RTCA pathway. To characterize this enzyme from the green sulfur bacterium Chlorobium tepidum and determine the role of its two distinct polypeptide chains, recombinant holo-ACL as well as its two individual subunit polypeptides were synthesized in Escherichia coli. The recombinant holoenzyme, prepared from coexpressed large and small ACL genes, and the individual large and small subunit polypeptides, prepared from singly expressed genes, were all purified to homogeneity to high yield. Purified recombinant holo-ACL was isolated at high specific activity, and its k cat was comparable to that of previously prepared native C. tepidum ACL. Moreover, the purified recombinant large and small subunit polypeptides were able to reconstitute the holo-ACL in vitro, with activity levels approaching that of recombinant holo-ACL prepared from coexpressed genes. Stoichiometric amounts of each subunit protein were required to maximize the activity and form the most stable structure of reconstituted holo-ACL. These results suggested that this reconstitution system could be used to discern the catalytic role of specific amino acid residues on each subunit. Reconstitution and mutagenesis studies together indicated that residues of each subunit contributed to different aspects of the catalytic mechanism, suggesting that both subunit proteins contribute to the active site of C. tepidum ACL.

scholarly journals Dietary lipoic acid-dependent changes in the activity and mRNA levels of hepatic lipogenic enzymes in rats

2008 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doan Thi Thanh Huong ◽  
Takashi Ide
Keyword(s):  
Lipoic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthase ◽  
Liver Lipid ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Lipogenic Enzymes ◽  
Atp Citrate Lyase ◽  
Citrate Lyase ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Lowered Serum

Effects of dietary α-lipoic acid on hepatic and serum lipid concentrations and the activity and mRNA levels of lipogenic enzymes were examined in rats. Rats were fed experimental diets containing varying amounts of lipoic acid (0, 1, 2·5, 5 g/kg) for 21 d. Lipoic acid profoundly decreased serum and liver concentrations of TAG, and also lowered serum concentrations of phospholipid and NEFA, and the concentration of cholesterol in the liver. A hypoglycaemic effect of this compound was also observed. Lipoic acid dose-dependently decreased the activity and mRNA levels of fatty acid synthase, ATP-citrate lyase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme and pyruvate kinase in the liver despite that reductions were considerably attenuated in the NADPH-producing enzymes. This compound also dose-dependently lowered the mRNA levels of spot 14, adiponutrin, stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1, and Δ5- and Δ6-desaturases. In addition, lipoic acid dose-dependently lowered serum concentrations of insulin and leptin, but increased those of adiponectin. Lipoic acid appeared to reduce hepatic lipogenesis and hence decreases serum and liver lipid levels. Alterations in serum concentrations of insulin and (or) adiponectin may trigger this consequence.

scholarly journals An investigation of lipogenic and glycolytic enzyme activity in the liver of sexually immature and mature domestic fowl

1971 ◽  
Vol 123 (5) ◽  
pp. 717-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Pearce
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Significant Variation ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Liver Lipid ◽  
Laying Hen ◽  
Glycolytic Enzyme ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Atp Citrate Lyase ◽  
Liver Lipid Content ◽  
Citrate Lyase

In the non-laying pullet and the cockerel it was observed that there was no significant variation in the activities of ATP citrate lyase and `malic' enzyme whereas in the laying hen there was a significantly greater activity of both these enzymes. Parallel increases in liver lipid content in the laying hen were also observed. Three glycolytic enzymes, phosphofructokinase, fructose diphosphate aldolase and pyruvate kinase, did not exhibit any significant variation in enzyme activity with the onset of egg laying. These results are discussed in relation to the hormonal status of the birds and also the demands of egg production for lipid.

Involvement of diet in fatty liver and kidney syndrome in broiler chickens

1973 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 118-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Blair ◽  
C. Whitehead ◽  
D. Bannister ◽  
A. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Liver And Kidney

scholarly journals Metabolic changes associated with the occurrence of fatty liver and kidney syndrome in chicks

1978 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Whitehead ◽  
D. W Bannister ◽  
Maureen E. Cleland
Keyword(s):  
Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Pyruvate Carboxylase ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
High Plasma ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Plasma Lactate ◽  
Carboxylase Activity ◽  
Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity ◽  
Liver And Kidney

1. The changes in a number of metabolic measurements brought about by low-biotin diets associated with high and low incidences of fatty liver and kidney syndrome (FLKS) were studied in healthy 4-week-old broiler chicks.2. Liver pyruvate carboxylase (pyruvate: CO2 ligase (ADP); EC 6.4.1.1) activity was low in birds fed on a diet causing a high incidence of FLKS but the addition of fat or protein to this diet, to decrease the incidence of FLKS, increased enzyme activity.3. Liver weights, blood lactate concentrations, plasma lactate dehydrogenase (l-lactate:NAD oxidoreductase; EC 1.1.1.27) activities and values for C16:1:C18:0 fatty acid in liver, adipose tissue and plasma triglyceride were highest in birds fed on the high-FLKS diet and all measurements were negatively correlated with pyruvate carboxylase activity.4. Birds with high plasma lactate dehydrogenase activity or triglyceride C16:1:C18:0 values were the most likely to develop FLKS when fasted.5. There was no evidence that increased liver weight was associated with increased activities of certain other liver enzymes.6. It is concluded that FLKS occurs in birds with little or no hepatic gluconeogenic capacity via pyruvate carboxylase as a result of a dietary insufficiency of biotin but that the initiation of the syndrome is probably associated with the inhibition of other pathways of gluconeogenesis.

scholarly journals Abrogation of hepatic ATP-citrate lyase protects against fatty liver and ameliorates hyperglycemia in leptin receptor-deficient mice

Hepatology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 1166-1175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiong Wang ◽  
Lei Jiang ◽  
Jue Wang ◽  
Shoufeng Li ◽  
Yue Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Leptin Receptor ◽  
Atp Citrate Lyase ◽  
Citrate Lyase ◽  
Deficient Mice

scholarly journals Interrelationships between biotin, choline and other B-vitamins and the occurrence of fatty liver and kidney syndrome and sudden death syndrome in broiler chickens

1982 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Whitehead ◽  
C. J. Randall
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Death ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
B Vitamins ◽  
Sudden Death Syndrome ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
B Vitamin

1. Addition of supplemental choline to a biotin-deficient diet decreased the biotin status of chicks and increased mortality from fatty liver and kidney syndrome (FLKS).2. Mortality was also increased by dietary supplementation with a mixture of other B-vitamins, excluding biotin, and was highest when the choline and B-vitamin supplements were combined.3. The occurrence of sudden death syndrome (SDS) was unaffected by dietary biotin concentration.4. A previously unreported condition was observed in which birds died showing post-mortem signs characteristic of both FLKS and SDS and whose occurrence was related to the biotin status of the chicks.

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