scholarly journals The post mortem diagnosis of fatal hypoglycaemia using the fatty liver and kidney syndrome of chicks as a model

1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Bannister ◽  
Iris E. O'Neill ◽  
C. C. Whitehead
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Vitreous Humour ◽  
Hepatic Glycogen ◽  
Time Of Death ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Liver And Kidney

1. The concentrations of vitreous humour and plasma glucose were closely correlated in both healthy and fatty liver and kidney syndrome-affected chicks at time of death.2. The values of vitreous humour glucose and lactate decreased rapidly after death, such that they were not reliable indicators of the presence of hypoglycaemia immediately ante mortem.3. Hepatic glycogen was extremely low in fatty liver and kidney syndrome-affected birds, whereas significant quantities remained in healthy birds up to at least 24 hpost mortem.

Vitreous humour as a complementary sample to blood for the detection/confirmation of diazepam: ante-mortem and post-mortem studies in an animal model

2004 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 571-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
H M Teixeira ◽  
F Reis ◽  
P Proença ◽  
P Ramos ◽  
O Quińtela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Administration ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Forensic Toxicology ◽  
Vitreous Humour ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Time Of Death ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Correlation Ratio ◽  
Animal Group ◽  
Toxic Dose

The quantification of medical or toxic substances in vitreous humour (VH) could be very useful in forensic toxicology when blood sample determinations are impossible due to absence or deterioration. However, few studies have been made in this area and even fewer have tried to find a relationship between drug levels in both samples. To determine a correlation ratio between blood and VH diazepam (DZ) levels, we performed an experimental study using rabbits administered with a sub-toxic dose of DZ under known and controlled conditions. Blood and VH samples were collected 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 6 hours after the drug administration in order to determine DZ and its main active metabolite, desmethyldiazepam (DMD). In addition, we have studied an animal group sacrificed 2 hours after intramuscular (i.m.) drug administration with blood and VH collection 24 hours later, to evaluate the existence of possible post-mortem changes. After DZ administration, a fast absorption phase was observed with a plasma Cmax value 1 hour after, followed by a rapid concentration decrease, with a half-life of 1 hour, indicating that, besides elimination, a fast distribution to other organs and tissues and/or hepatic metabolism occurred. Diazepam Cmax value in VH was achieved between 1 and 2 hours, when plasma concentrations had already decreased to half the value. The plasma/VH DZ ratio calculated at this time was 10. In the post-mortem study, while plasma DZ concentration at 24 hours was smaller, DMD levels were higher than those at the time of death. In the VH, both DZ and DMD concentrations at 24 hours were higher than those obtained at the time of death. That is, in both fluids DZ and DMD concentrations were different from those at the time of death and post-mortem distribution and redistribution phenomena occurred. The combination of antemortem and post-mortem studies has allowed the determination of a correlation ratio for DZ in the rabbit of 6×, comparing the concentrations in VH collected 24 hours after death with the concentrations detected in plasma at the time of death. This study opens new perspectives for the use of VH as a complementary sample to blood for DZ detection and confirmation. The putative relevance of the correlation ratio obtained, for forensic toxicology practice with medical substances, namely benzodiazepines, recommends further studies in humans.

The Effect of the Post-Mortem Interval on the Level of Creatine in Vitreous Humour

1989 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Piette
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Vitreous Humour ◽  
Time Of Death ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Legal Practice ◽  
Post Mortem Interval ◽  
Satisfactory Correlation

By means of 103 medico-legal autopsies it was established that a rise in the creatine level occurs in the vitreous humour after death. In view of the satisfactory correlation between the post-mortem interval and the creatine level in the vitreous humour (r = 0.84, p < 0.001) investigations were undertaken as to whether the creatine level in vitreous humour can serve in current medico-legal practice as an indication for the post-mortem interval, especially for the later period (more than three days). On balance this creatine determination is only useful when combined with all other medico-legal parameters that establish the time of death, remembering that the confidence-interval in the investigations was rather wide.

Simultaneous analysis of potassium and ammonium ions in the vitreous humour by capillary electrophoresis and their integrated use to infer the post mortem interval (PMI)

2020 ◽  
pp. 002580242093423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Covadonga Palacio ◽  
Rossella Gottardo ◽  
Vito Cirielli ◽  
Giacomo Musile ◽  
Yvane Agard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Capillary Electrophoresis ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
The Body ◽  
Simultaneous Analysis ◽  
Vitreous Humour ◽  
Ammonium Concentration ◽  
Time Of Death ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Ammonium Ions ◽  
Post Mortem Interval

Post-mortem changes of ions in the body fluids have been proposed as an objective tool for inferring the time of death. In particular, the post-mortem increase of potassium concentrations in the vitreous humour has gained great attention in the literature. On the other hand, ammonium, another ion released in post-mortem processes, has received much less attention, potentially due to unresolved analytical issues using current clinical chemistry methods. This paper presents an application of a new analytical approach based on capillary electrophoresis providing the simultaneous analysis of potassium and ammonium ions in the vitreous humour. In addition, to assess the consistency of the post-mortem increase of ammonium concentrations in the vitreous humour, the determination of this ion in the vitreous humour of the two eyes of the same body at the same post-mortem interval has been verified. Vitreous humour was collected from 33 medico-legal cases where the time of death was known exactly. Prior to analysis, all samples were diluted 1:20 with a 40 μg/mL solution of BaCl2 (internal standard). In the study of the variability of the ammonium concentration between the two eyes, no statistically significant differences were found, supporting the hypothesis of an even post-mortem increase of the ion concentrations in this particular biological fluid. Significant correlations of potassium and ammonium ions with the post-mortem interval were found, with r2 of 0.75 and 0.70, respectively.

scholarly journals Interrelationships between biotin, choline and other B-vitamins and the occurrence of fatty liver and kidney syndrome and sudden death syndrome in broiler chickens

1982 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Whitehead ◽  
C. J. Randall
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Death ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
B Vitamins ◽  
Sudden Death Syndrome ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
B Vitamin

1. Addition of supplemental choline to a biotin-deficient diet decreased the biotin status of chicks and increased mortality from fatty liver and kidney syndrome (FLKS).2. Mortality was also increased by dietary supplementation with a mixture of other B-vitamins, excluding biotin, and was highest when the choline and B-vitamin supplements were combined.3. The occurrence of sudden death syndrome (SDS) was unaffected by dietary biotin concentration.4. A previously unreported condition was observed in which birds died showing post-mortem signs characteristic of both FLKS and SDS and whose occurrence was related to the biotin status of the chicks.

Levels of Potassium in the Vitreous Humour after Death

1965 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 150-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilhelmina M. H. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Level ◽  
Accurate Method ◽  
Vitreous Humour ◽  
Time Of Death ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Post Mortem Interval

Levels of vitreous potassium were studied in 135 routine post-mortem cases. A rise in the potassium level was found but it could not be correlated with sufficient consistency with the post-mortem interval to make this an accurate method of estimating the time of death.

scholarly journals Biotin deficiency and fatty liver and kidney syndrome in chicks given purified diets containing different fat and protein levels

1976 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Whitehead ◽  
D. W. Bannister ◽  
A. J. Evans ◽  
W. G. Siller ◽  
P. A. L. Wight
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Biotin Deficiency ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Liver And Kidney

1. The occurrence of biotin deficiency and fatty liver and kidney syndrome (FLKS) in chicks was studied using a 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 factorial-design experiment in which the variables were dietary biotin, fat and protein, and starvation.2. The severity of biotin deficiency, using growth retardation and severity of dermal lesions as criteria, was least when the low-biotin diet also contained low levels of fat and protein. Addition of fat or protein increased the severity of the deficiency. Tissue fatty acid composition was affected by biotin deficiency only in those birds given the low-protein, low-fat diet. The main change was an increase in the ratio, 16:1 fatty acids:18:0 fatty acids. Plasma glucose and free fatty acid levels in non-fasted birds were unaffected by the dietary variables.3. Mortality from FLKS with the diet containing low biotin, fat and protein levels was 52% at 28 d, but was reduced or eliminated when the dietary level of any of these ingredients was increased.4. Starvation considerably increased the incidence of FLKS in the period immediately after fasting, and also affected plasma glucose and free fatty acid concentrations. Liver fatty acid composition indicated an increase in the proportion of 18:0 at the expense of 16:1 and 18:1, irrespective of diet, except when the bird developed FLKS, when 16:1 and 18:1 concentrations increased in proportion, at the expense of 18:0.5. The relationship between biotin deficiency and FLKS, and a possible mechanism for the induction of FLKS by starvation are discussed.

scholarly journals Effects of Meal Fructose/Glucose Composition on Postprandial Glucose Appearance and Hepatic Glycogen Synthesis in Healthy Subjects

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 596
Author(s):  
Cristina Barosa ◽  
Rogério T. Ribeiro ◽  
Rita Andrade ◽  
João F. Raposo ◽  
John G. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Glycogen Synthesis ◽  
Krebs Cycle ◽  
Hepatic Glycogen ◽  
Indirect Pathway ◽  
Metabolic Complications ◽  
Glucose Ratio ◽  
Dietary Fructose ◽  
P Sources

Dietary fructose overshadows glucose in promoting metabolic complications. Intestinal fructose metabolism (IFM) protects against these effects in rodents, by favoring gluconeogenesis, but the extent of IFM in humans is not known. We therefore aimed to infer the extent of IFM by comparing the contribution of dietary fructose to systemic glucose and hepatic glycogen appearance postprandially. Twelve fasting healthy subjects ingested two protein meals in random order, one supplemented with 50 g 5/95 fructose/glucose (LF) and the other with 50 g 55/45 fructose/glucose (HF). Sources of postprandial plasma glucose appearance and hepatic glycogen synthesis were determined with deuterated water. Plasma glucose excursions, as well as pre- and post-meal insulin, c-peptide, and triglyceride levels were nearly identical for both meals. The total gluconeogenic contribution to plasma glucose appearance was significantly higher for HF versus LF (65 ± 2% vs. 34 ± 3%, p < 0.001). For HF, Krebs cycle anaplerosis accounted for two-thirds of total gluconeogenesis (43 ± 2%) with one-third from Triose-P sources (22 ± 1%). With LF, three-quarters of the total gluconeogenic contribution originated via Krebs cycle anaplerosis (26 ± 2%) with one-quarter from Triose-P sources (9 ± 2%). HF and LF gave similar direct and indirect pathway contributions to hepatic glycogen synthesis. Increasing the fructose/glucose ratio had significant effects on glucose appearance sources but no effects on hepatic glycogen synthesis sources, consistent with extensive IFM. The majority of fructose carbons were converted to glucose via the Krebs cycle.

RIGOR MORTIS: PHYSIOLOGY

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heron Teixeira
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Natural Course ◽  
Important Task ◽  
Time Of Death ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Rigor Mortis ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Extrinsic And Intrinsic Factors

Introduction: Estimating the time of death is an important task in day-to-day forensic work and many factors for its designation are understood, one of which is rigor mortis. They can be altered by extrinsic and intrinsic factors, such as temperature location, humidity, heat, age, sex, length and body weight, and can be used as a parameter for approximate identification of the time of death. Objective: To carry out a brief review on the topic in order to promote a better understanding of the subject addressed and fully understand its physiology. Materials and Methods: Pubmed, Scielo and Medline databases were searched without date restrictions for articles published in English and Portuguese using the descriptors rigor mortis, autolysis and changes after death. Results: The theme presents consolidated researches regarding its natural course, being an important tool to estimate the time of death along other signs that appear after death, as well as to estimate some causes of death. Conclusion: Understanding the development of rigor mortis, helps to identify and distinguish processes that may have led to death and the post-mortem time.

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