scholarly journals Utilization of ileal digestible amino acids by growing pigs: methionine

1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 711-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
L. M. Andersen ◽  
D. R. Baigent
Keyword(s):  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Protein Concentrates ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

An experiment was conducted to determine the utilization of ileal digestible methionine by growing pigs. Three methionine-deficient diets (0·09 g ileal digestible methionine/MJ digestible energy (DE)) were formulated using cottonseed meal, meat-and-bone meal and soya-bean meal respectively as the only source of methionine in the diet. An additional three diets were formulated with supplements of methionine to confirm that methionine was limiting in the first three diets. The growth performance and retention of methionine by pigs given the six diets over the 20–45 kg growth phase was then determined. Growth rates (g/d) of pigs given the three diets formulated to 0·09 g ileal digestible methionine/MJ DE were significantly different (P < 0·01): cottonseed meal 411, meat-and-bone meal 442, soya-bean meal 496 (SED 24·6). The response of pigs to the addition of methionine confirmed that methionine was limiting in these diets. Crude protein (N × 6·25) deposited by the pigs (g/d) was significantly higher (P < 0·05) for those given soya-bean meat (61) and meat-and-bone meal (57) relative io cottonseed meal (47; SED 3·3). The proportion of ileal digestible methionine retained by pigs given the three protein concentrates was: cottonseed meal 0·39, meat-and-bone meal 0·45, soya-bean meal 0·47 (SED 0·019). These results indicate that values for the ileal digestibility of methionine in protein concentrates do not reflect the proportion of methionine that can be utilized by the pig. It appears that, with heat-processed meals, a considerable proportion of the methionine is absorbed in a form(s) that is (are) inefficiently utilized.

scholarly journals Utilization of ileal digestible amino acids by pigs: Lysine

1990 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 679-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
L. M. Andersen ◽  
D. R. Baigent ◽  
S. A. Beech ◽  
R. Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Protein Concentrates ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

Two experiments were conducted to determine the utilization of ileal digestible lysine by pigs. In the first, the apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids in cottonseed meal, meat-and-bone meal and soya-bean meal was determined in pigs fitted with‘T'-shaped cannulas. In the second experiment, three lysine-deficient diets were formulated to 0.36 g ileal digestible lysine/MJ digestible energy (DE), with lysine contributed from the three protein concentrates as the only source of lysine in sugar-based diets. An additional three diets were formulated with supplements of lysine to verify that lysine was limiting in the first three diets. The growth performance and retention of lysine by pigs given the six diets over the 20–45 kg growth phase were then determined. The apparent ileal digestibility of lysine in the three protein concentrates (proportion of total) was: cottonseed meal 0.74, meat-and-bone meal 0.78, soya-bean meal 0.89. Growth rates (g/d) of the pigs given the three diets formulated to 0.36 g ileal digestible lysine/MJ DE were significantly different (P < 0.001): cottonseed meal 377, meat-and-bone meal 492, soya-bean meal 541. The response of pigs to the addition of lysine confirmed that lysine was limiting in these diets. Crude protein (nitrogen× 6.25) deposited by the pigs was significantly higher (P < 0.001) for those given soya-bean meal (77 g/d), relative to meat-and-bone meal (66 g/d) and cottonseed meal (38 g/d). The proportion of ileal digestible lysine retained by pigs given the three protein concentrates was: cottonseed meal 0.36, meat-and-bone meal 0.60, soya-bean meal 0.75. The results indicate that values for the ileal digestibility of lysine in protein concentrates are unsuitable in dietary formulations as the assay does not reflect the proportion of lysine that can be utilized by the pig. It appears that, with heat-processed meals, a considerable proportion of the lysine is absorbed in a form(s) that is (are) inefficiently utilized.

scholarly journals Utilization of ileal digestible amino acids by growing pigs: threonine

1991 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Beech ◽  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
R. Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Protein Concentrates ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

An experiment was conducted to determine the utilization of ileal digestible threonine by growing pigs. Three threonine-deficient diets (0.22 g ileal digestible threonine/MJ digestible energy (DE)) were formulated using cottonseed meal, meat-and-bone meal and soya-bean meal respectively, as the only source of threonine in the diet. An additional three diets were formulated with supplements of threonine to confirm that threonine was limiting in the first three diets. The growth performance and retention of threonine by pigs given the six diets over the 20–45 kg growth phase was then determined. Growth rates (g/d) of the pigs given the three diets formulated to 0.22 g ileal digestible threonine/MJ DE were significantly different (P < 0.001): cottonseed meal 417, meat-and-bone meal 452, soya-bean meal 524 (sed 13.6). The response of pigs to the addition of threonine confirmed that threonine was limiting in these diets. Crude protein (nitrogen x 6.25) deposited by the pigs (g/d) was significantly higher (P < 0.001) for those given soya-bean meal (75), relative to meat-and-bone meal (62) and cottonseed meal (47) (sed 3.3). The proportion of ileal digestible threonine retained by pigs given the three protein concentrates was: cottonseed meal 0.44, meat-and-bone meal 0.59, soya-bean meal 0.64 (sed 0.024). These results indicate that values for the ileal digestibility of threonine in protein concentrates are unsuitable in dietary formulations as the assay does not reflect the proportion of threonine that can be utilized by the pig. It appears that, with heat-processed meals, a considerable proportion of the threonine is absorbed in a form(s) that is (are) inefficiently utilized.

scholarly journals Utilization of ileal digestible amino acids by growing pigs: tryptophan

1994 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
L. M. Andersen ◽  
D. R. Baigent
Keyword(s):  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

The ileal digestibility of tryptophan for growing pigs was determined for cottonseed, meat-and-bone and soya-bean meals. Tryptophan in the food and digesta was measured by two analytical procedures (NaOH hydrolysis and colorimetric estimation (method 1) and LiOH hydrolysis and HPLC determination (method 2)). The results were respectively: cottonseed meal 0.46, 0.81; meat-and-bone meal 0.55, 0.65; soya-bean meal 0.74, 0.90. In the first experiment the values for method 1 were shown to be inapplicable to pigs. In a second experiment three tryptophan-deficient diets (005 g ileal digestible tryptophan/MJ digestible energy (DE)) were formulated using values from method 2 for cottonseed meal, meat-and-bone meal plus L-tryptophan and soya-bean meal respectively as the only sources of tryptophan in the diets. This experiment was terminated after 28 d as overall growth performance of the pigs was very low. A third experiment was conducted in a similar manner to Expt 2 except that the diets were formulated to 0.065g ileal digestible tryptophan/MJ DE and growth responses and tryptophan retention were assessed over the 20–45 kg growth phase. Growth rates (g.d) of the pigs given the three diets were significantly different (P < 0.01): cottonseed meal 393, meat-and-bone meal plus L-tryptophan 531, soya-bean meal 437 (SED 39.0). Tryptophan retention (as a proportion of ileal digestible tryptophan intake) was significantly different (P < 0.05): cottonseed meal 0.51, meat-and-bone meal plus L-tryptophan 0.49, soya-bean meal 0.41. These results indicate (1) that the colorimetric technique for assessing tryptophan was inapplicable and (2) that ileal digestible values for tryptophan were not suitable for formulating diets containing heat-processed proteins, possibly due to absorption of some of the tryptophan in a form that was non-utilizable, and/or to underestimation of total tryptophan in the protein concentrates.

Utilization of ileal digestible amino acids by growing pigs: isoleucine

1994 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
L. M. Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Protein Concentrates ◽  
Lupin Seed ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

Two experiments were conducted to determine the utilization of ileal digestible isoleucine by growing pigs. In the first, the apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids in cottonseed meal, lupin-seed meal and soya-bean meal was determined in pigs fitted with‘T‘-shaped cannulas. In the second, three isoleucine-deficient diets were formulated to 0.23 g ileal digestible isoleucine/MJ digestible energy (DE) with the three protein concentrates contributing the only source of isoleucine in sucrose-based diets. An additional three diets were formulated with supplements of isoleucine to confirm that isoleucine was limiting in the first three diets. The growth performance and retention of isoleucine by pigs given the six diets over the 20–45 kg growth phase were then determined. The apparent ileal digestibility of isoleucine in the three protein concentrates (proportion of total) was: cottonseed meal 0.68, lupin-seed meal 0.86, soya-bean meal 0.86. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in growth rates (g/d) and crude protein deposition rates (g/d) of the pigs given the three diets formulated to 0.23 g ileal digestible isoleucine/MJ DE: cottonseed meal 590, 84; lupin-seed meal 613, 87; soya-bean meal 594, 91 (SEM 13.0, 2.9) respectively. The response of pigs to the addition of isoleucine confirmed that isoleucine was limiting in these diets. The proportion of ileal digestible isoleucine retained by pigs given the cottonseed meal (0.65) was slightly lower than that retained by pigs given soya-bean meal (0.73; P < 0.05). These results indicate that values for the ileal digestibility of isoleucine in protein concentrates more closely reflect the proportion of isoleucine that can be utilized by the pig than occurs for other amino acids such as lysine, threonine and methionine.

scholarly journals Nutritional value of lupin (Lupinus albus)-seed meal for growing pigs: availability of lysine, effect of autoclaving and net energy content

1986 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 645-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
L. M. Andersen ◽  
R. F. Lowe ◽  
R. E. Darnell
Keyword(s):  
Lupinus Albus ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Lupin Seed ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

1.Two experiments were conducted to assess the nutritional value of lupin (Lupinus albus)-seed meal for growing pigs. In the first, the availability of lysine was assessed using slope-ratio analysis. In the second, the effects of autoclaving lupin seeds and formulating the diets on the basis of estimated digestible or net energy were assessed.2. In the first experiment, the availability of lysine in three samples of lupin-seed meal was compared with that in meat-and-bone meal and soya-bean meal. Availability of lysine in the five protein concentrates, using food conversion efficiency on a carcass basis as the criterion of response, was (proportion of total): lupin-seed meal no. 1 0.44, no. 2 0.57, no. 3 0.53, meat-and-bone meal 0.42, soya-bean meal 0.80.3. Availability estimates, based on protein deposited:food intake, were: lupin-seed meal no. 1 0.82, no. 2 0.73, no. 3 0.70, meat-and-bone meal 0.27, soya-bean meal 0.77. These estimates had higher standard deviations than those based on carcass response.4. Regressing the measures of response v. lysine intake resulted in estimates of availability similar to, or higher than, the slope-ratio analysis but was associated with greater statistical invalidity and higher standard deviations.5. The proportion of energy retained in the carcasses was unaffected by the inclusion levels of lysine or soya-bean meal. Energy retention was depressed (P < 0.05) with the three lupin-seed meals and the meat-and-bone meal.6. In the second experiment, the response of pigs given a diet containing lupin-seed meal was inferior, on a carcass basis (P < 0.05), to that of pigs given a diet containing soya-bean meal formulated to similar total lysine and digestible energy contents.7. The addition of soya-bean oil to the diet containing lupin-seed meal, to equalize the estimated net energy of the diet to that of the diet containing soya-bean meal, depressed protein deposition (P < 0.05) and increased fat deposition (P < 0.05), indicating that energy was not limiting the growth of pigs given the lupin-seed-meal diet.8. Autoclaving the lupin-seed at 121°for 5 min had no effect on the growth of pigs, indicating that the low availability of lysine was not due to the presence of heat-labile anti-nutritional factors.

scholarly journals Availability of lysine in vegetable protein concentrates as determined by the slope-ratio assay with growing pigs and rats and by chemical techniques

1984 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
R. D. Murison ◽  
L. M. Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Vegetable Protein ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Slope Ratio ◽  
Protein Concentrates ◽  
Field Peas ◽  
Available Lysine ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

1. The availability of lysine in nine vegetable-protein concentrates was assessed using the slope-ratio assay for growing pigs and rats. Diets were equalized for crude fibre using solka floc to minimize any possible effects of variation in fibre content on availability estimates.2. The availability of lysine in the nine proteins for pigs, using food conversion efficiency (FCE) on a carcass basis as the criterion of response were (proportion of total): cottonseed meal 0.39, lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) seed meal no. 10.37, no. 20.65, no. 30.54, no. 40.54, field peas (Pisum sativum) 0.93, peanut (groundnut) meal 0.57, soya-bean meal no. 10.98, no. 2 0.89.3. Estimates of available lysine for rats as assessed by the slope-ratio assay using FCE on a carcass basis were in close agreement with the pig estimates for cottonseed meal (0.35) and soya-bean meal no. 1(0.91) and no. 2(0.89), higher for lupin-seed meals (range 0.70–0.94 with a mean of 0.81) and peanut meal (0.76) and lower for field peas (0.76).4. The differences in available lysine were not detected by the chemical Silcock available-lysine test (Roach et al. 1967) or by the direct 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene procedure (Carpenter, 1960).

A note on copper retention by pigs fed on various protein sources

1966 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. B. O'Donovan ◽  
T. A. Spillane ◽  
J. F. O'Grady
Keyword(s):  
Copper Sulphate ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Coarse Particles ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

Since, under Irish conditions, the source of protein used in pig rations often varies from one area to another, an experiment was conducted to determine the accumulation of copper in the tissues of pigs given the commonly-usedprotein sources in diets containing 250 ppm of supplemental copper. The protein sources compared were (a) white-fish meal (370 ppm Cu), (b) soya bean meal (17 ppm. Cu), (c) roller-dried skim milk (2 ppm Cu), and (d) a mixture of soya bean meal and meat and bone meal (5 ppm Cu) (Table 1). The minerals, vitamins and copper sulphate were premixed with about 5 kg. of barley and distributed over the total feed before mixing. The copper sulphate was sieved to remove coarse particles. Analyses of complete feed mixtures are shown in Table 1. As far as possible, the rations were balanced for crude protein, calcium and phosphorus.

scholarly journals Availability of lysine in protein concentrates as determined by the slope-ratio assay with chicks and comparisons with rat, pig and chemical assays

1981 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 513-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Major ◽  
E. S. Batterham
Keyword(s):  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Slope Ratio ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Sunflower Meal ◽  
Protein Concentrates ◽  
Available Lysine ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

1. A slope-ratio assay was developed to determine the availability of lysine in protein concentrates for chicks, Two protein concentrates were assessed per assay, using three levels of incorporation into the basal diet.2. Availability of lysine, expressed as a proportion of total lysine in five protein concentrates was: cottonseed meal 0·83, fish meal 1·00, meat-and-bone meal 0·86, soya-bean meal 0·93, sunflower meal 1·01.3. The five protein concentrates had previously been assayed for available lysine with slope-ratio assays for pies and rats (Batterham et al. 1979; Batterharn et al. 1981), There was little relationship between the results for chicks and those for pigs and rats. For pigs, availability estimates ranged from 0·43 for cottonseed meal to 0·89 for fish meal. For rats, availability estimates ranged from 0·49 for sunflower meal to 1·04 for fish meal.4. The results for chicks were in closer agreement with values obtained using the Silcock available-lysine assay (Roach et al. 1967) and the direct 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene procedure (Carpenter, 1960). By contrast, there was litlle relationship between the chemical tests and results for pigs or rats.

scholarly journals A comparison of the availability and ileal digestibility of lysine in cottonseed and soya-bean meals for grower/finisher pigs

1990 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 663-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
L. M. Andersen ◽  
D. R. Baigent ◽  
R. E. Darnell ◽  
M. R. Taverner
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
High Availability ◽  
Slope Ratio ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Lysine Concentration ◽  
Available Lysine ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

The availability of lysine and the ileal digestibility of amino acids in three cottonseed meals and a soya-bean meal for grower/finisher pigs were determined. The usefulness of the availability estimates for formulating diets was assessed. The availability of lysine, as assessed with a slope-ratio assay, was (proportion of total): cottonseed meal no. 1, 0.27; no. 2, 0.30, no. 3, 0.29; soya-bean meal, 0.90. Heal digestibility of lysine in the meals (proportion of total) was: cottonseed meal no. 1, 0.58; no. 2, 0.68; no. 3, 0.72; soya-bean meal, 0.89. Pigs given diets formulated to the same available lysine concentration grew at similar rates and retained the same amount of lysine in the carcasses. The results indicate that, for meals of high availability (soya-bean meal), reduced ileal digestibility appears to be the main reason for reduced availability. However, in meals of low availability (cottonseed meal), reduced ileal digestibility only accounts for part of the reduced availability. Thus, the ileal digestibility of lysine is not a reliable indicator of lysine availability.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document