A note on copper retention by pigs fed on various protein sources

1966 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. B. O'Donovan ◽  
T. A. Spillane ◽  
J. F. O'Grady
Keyword(s):  
Copper Sulphate ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Coarse Particles ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

Since, under Irish conditions, the source of protein used in pig rations often varies from one area to another, an experiment was conducted to determine the accumulation of copper in the tissues of pigs given the commonly-usedprotein sources in diets containing 250 ppm of supplemental copper. The protein sources compared were (a) white-fish meal (370 ppm Cu), (b) soya bean meal (17 ppm. Cu), (c) roller-dried skim milk (2 ppm Cu), and (d) a mixture of soya bean meal and meat and bone meal (5 ppm Cu) (Table 1). The minerals, vitamins and copper sulphate were premixed with about 5 kg. of barley and distributed over the total feed before mixing. The copper sulphate was sieved to remove coarse particles. Analyses of complete feed mixtures are shown in Table 1. As far as possible, the rations were balanced for crude protein, calcium and phosphorus.

scholarly journals Utilization of ileal digestible amino acids by growing pigs: tryptophan

1994 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
L. M. Andersen ◽  
D. R. Baigent
Keyword(s):  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

The ileal digestibility of tryptophan for growing pigs was determined for cottonseed, meat-and-bone and soya-bean meals. Tryptophan in the food and digesta was measured by two analytical procedures (NaOH hydrolysis and colorimetric estimation (method 1) and LiOH hydrolysis and HPLC determination (method 2)). The results were respectively: cottonseed meal 0.46, 0.81; meat-and-bone meal 0.55, 0.65; soya-bean meal 0.74, 0.90. In the first experiment the values for method 1 were shown to be inapplicable to pigs. In a second experiment three tryptophan-deficient diets (005 g ileal digestible tryptophan/MJ digestible energy (DE)) were formulated using values from method 2 for cottonseed meal, meat-and-bone meal plus L-tryptophan and soya-bean meal respectively as the only sources of tryptophan in the diets. This experiment was terminated after 28 d as overall growth performance of the pigs was very low. A third experiment was conducted in a similar manner to Expt 2 except that the diets were formulated to 0.065g ileal digestible tryptophan/MJ DE and growth responses and tryptophan retention were assessed over the 20–45 kg growth phase. Growth rates (g.d) of the pigs given the three diets were significantly different (P < 0.01): cottonseed meal 393, meat-and-bone meal plus L-tryptophan 531, soya-bean meal 437 (SED 39.0). Tryptophan retention (as a proportion of ileal digestible tryptophan intake) was significantly different (P < 0.05): cottonseed meal 0.51, meat-and-bone meal plus L-tryptophan 0.49, soya-bean meal 0.41. These results indicate (1) that the colorimetric technique for assessing tryptophan was inapplicable and (2) that ileal digestible values for tryptophan were not suitable for formulating diets containing heat-processed proteins, possibly due to absorption of some of the tryptophan in a form that was non-utilizable, and/or to underestimation of total tryptophan in the protein concentrates.

scholarly journals Nutritional value of lupin (Lupinus albus)-seed meal for growing pigs: availability of lysine, effect of autoclaving and net energy content

1986 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 645-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
L. M. Andersen ◽  
R. F. Lowe ◽  
R. E. Darnell
Keyword(s):  
Lupinus Albus ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Lupin Seed ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

1.Two experiments were conducted to assess the nutritional value of lupin (Lupinus albus)-seed meal for growing pigs. In the first, the availability of lysine was assessed using slope-ratio analysis. In the second, the effects of autoclaving lupin seeds and formulating the diets on the basis of estimated digestible or net energy were assessed.2. In the first experiment, the availability of lysine in three samples of lupin-seed meal was compared with that in meat-and-bone meal and soya-bean meal. Availability of lysine in the five protein concentrates, using food conversion efficiency on a carcass basis as the criterion of response, was (proportion of total): lupin-seed meal no. 1 0.44, no. 2 0.57, no. 3 0.53, meat-and-bone meal 0.42, soya-bean meal 0.80.3. Availability estimates, based on protein deposited:food intake, were: lupin-seed meal no. 1 0.82, no. 2 0.73, no. 3 0.70, meat-and-bone meal 0.27, soya-bean meal 0.77. These estimates had higher standard deviations than those based on carcass response.4. Regressing the measures of response v. lysine intake resulted in estimates of availability similar to, or higher than, the slope-ratio analysis but was associated with greater statistical invalidity and higher standard deviations.5. The proportion of energy retained in the carcasses was unaffected by the inclusion levels of lysine or soya-bean meal. Energy retention was depressed (P < 0.05) with the three lupin-seed meals and the meat-and-bone meal.6. In the second experiment, the response of pigs given a diet containing lupin-seed meal was inferior, on a carcass basis (P < 0.05), to that of pigs given a diet containing soya-bean meal formulated to similar total lysine and digestible energy contents.7. The addition of soya-bean oil to the diet containing lupin-seed meal, to equalize the estimated net energy of the diet to that of the diet containing soya-bean meal, depressed protein deposition (P < 0.05) and increased fat deposition (P < 0.05), indicating that energy was not limiting the growth of pigs given the lupin-seed-meal diet.8. Autoclaving the lupin-seed at 121°for 5 min had no effect on the growth of pigs, indicating that the low availability of lysine was not due to the presence of heat-labile anti-nutritional factors.

scholarly journals Utilization of ileal digestible amino acids by growing pigs: methionine

1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 711-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
L. M. Andersen ◽  
D. R. Baigent
Keyword(s):  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Protein Concentrates ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

An experiment was conducted to determine the utilization of ileal digestible methionine by growing pigs. Three methionine-deficient diets (0·09 g ileal digestible methionine/MJ digestible energy (DE)) were formulated using cottonseed meal, meat-and-bone meal and soya-bean meal respectively as the only source of methionine in the diet. An additional three diets were formulated with supplements of methionine to confirm that methionine was limiting in the first three diets. The growth performance and retention of methionine by pigs given the six diets over the 20–45 kg growth phase was then determined. Growth rates (g/d) of pigs given the three diets formulated to 0·09 g ileal digestible methionine/MJ DE were significantly different (P < 0·01): cottonseed meal 411, meat-and-bone meal 442, soya-bean meal 496 (SED 24·6). The response of pigs to the addition of methionine confirmed that methionine was limiting in these diets. Crude protein (N × 6·25) deposited by the pigs (g/d) was significantly higher (P < 0·05) for those given soya-bean meat (61) and meat-and-bone meal (57) relative io cottonseed meal (47; SED 3·3). The proportion of ileal digestible methionine retained by pigs given the three protein concentrates was: cottonseed meal 0·39, meat-and-bone meal 0·45, soya-bean meal 0·47 (SED 0·019). These results indicate that values for the ileal digestibility of methionine in protein concentrates do not reflect the proportion of methionine that can be utilized by the pig. It appears that, with heat-processed meals, a considerable proportion of the methionine is absorbed in a form(s) that is (are) inefficiently utilized.

scholarly journals Utilization of ileal digestible amino acids by pigs: Lysine

1990 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 679-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
L. M. Andersen ◽  
D. R. Baigent ◽  
S. A. Beech ◽  
R. Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Protein Concentrates ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

Two experiments were conducted to determine the utilization of ileal digestible lysine by pigs. In the first, the apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids in cottonseed meal, meat-and-bone meal and soya-bean meal was determined in pigs fitted with‘T'-shaped cannulas. In the second experiment, three lysine-deficient diets were formulated to 0.36 g ileal digestible lysine/MJ digestible energy (DE), with lysine contributed from the three protein concentrates as the only source of lysine in sugar-based diets. An additional three diets were formulated with supplements of lysine to verify that lysine was limiting in the first three diets. The growth performance and retention of lysine by pigs given the six diets over the 20–45 kg growth phase were then determined. The apparent ileal digestibility of lysine in the three protein concentrates (proportion of total) was: cottonseed meal 0.74, meat-and-bone meal 0.78, soya-bean meal 0.89. Growth rates (g/d) of the pigs given the three diets formulated to 0.36 g ileal digestible lysine/MJ DE were significantly different (P < 0.001): cottonseed meal 377, meat-and-bone meal 492, soya-bean meal 541. The response of pigs to the addition of lysine confirmed that lysine was limiting in these diets. Crude protein (nitrogen× 6.25) deposited by the pigs was significantly higher (P < 0.001) for those given soya-bean meal (77 g/d), relative to meat-and-bone meal (66 g/d) and cottonseed meal (38 g/d). The proportion of ileal digestible lysine retained by pigs given the three protein concentrates was: cottonseed meal 0.36, meat-and-bone meal 0.60, soya-bean meal 0.75. The results indicate that values for the ileal digestibility of lysine in protein concentrates are unsuitable in dietary formulations as the assay does not reflect the proportion of lysine that can be utilized by the pig. It appears that, with heat-processed meals, a considerable proportion of the lysine is absorbed in a form(s) that is (are) inefficiently utilized.

scholarly journals Utilization of ileal digestible amino acids by growing pigs: threonine

1991 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Beech ◽  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
R. Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Protein Concentrates ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

An experiment was conducted to determine the utilization of ileal digestible threonine by growing pigs. Three threonine-deficient diets (0.22 g ileal digestible threonine/MJ digestible energy (DE)) were formulated using cottonseed meal, meat-and-bone meal and soya-bean meal respectively, as the only source of threonine in the diet. An additional three diets were formulated with supplements of threonine to confirm that threonine was limiting in the first three diets. The growth performance and retention of threonine by pigs given the six diets over the 20–45 kg growth phase was then determined. Growth rates (g/d) of the pigs given the three diets formulated to 0.22 g ileal digestible threonine/MJ DE were significantly different (P < 0.001): cottonseed meal 417, meat-and-bone meal 452, soya-bean meal 524 (sed 13.6). The response of pigs to the addition of threonine confirmed that threonine was limiting in these diets. Crude protein (nitrogen x 6.25) deposited by the pigs (g/d) was significantly higher (P < 0.001) for those given soya-bean meal (75), relative to meat-and-bone meal (62) and cottonseed meal (47) (sed 3.3). The proportion of ileal digestible threonine retained by pigs given the three protein concentrates was: cottonseed meal 0.44, meat-and-bone meal 0.59, soya-bean meal 0.64 (sed 0.024). These results indicate that values for the ileal digestibility of threonine in protein concentrates are unsuitable in dietary formulations as the assay does not reflect the proportion of threonine that can be utilized by the pig. It appears that, with heat-processed meals, a considerable proportion of the threonine is absorbed in a form(s) that is (are) inefficiently utilized.

Nutrition of the early-weaned calf. IX. Nitrogen retention from different protein sources in calves fed ad libitum

1966 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kay ◽  
T. R. Preston ◽  
N. A. MacLeod ◽  
Euphemia B. Philip
Keyword(s):  
Fish Meal ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Dried Distillers Grains ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Groundnut Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

1. Nitrogen balance studies were conducted on 8 early-weaned calves fed on four diets containing respectively Peruvian fish meal, soya bean meal, groundnut meal and dried distillers grains as the major sources of protein.2. Nitrogen retention differed significantly between diets, being highest on the fish meal diet, and lowest on the groundnut diet.

The effect of formaldehyde treatment of soya-bean meal and rapeseed meal on the amino acid profiles and acid-pepsin solubility of rumen undegraded protein

1983 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 603-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Varvikko ◽  
J. E. Lindberg ◽  
J. Setälä ◽  
Liisa Syrjälä-Qvist
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Methionine Concentration ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

SUMMARYSoya-bean meal and rapeseed meal treated with 0, 0·4 or 0·8 g formaldehyde/100 g crude protein (N × 6·25) was incubated in the rumen in nylon bags with 10 and 40 μm aperture.Disappearance of dry matter and nitrogenous compounds was reduced with increasing formaldehyde treatment.The proportion of acid-pepsin soluble nitrogen in the undegraded residues of untreated and treated soya-bean meal was similar to the original samples. For rapeseed meal the proportion of acid-pepsin soluble nitrogen in the undegraded residues decreased with increasing rumen incubation time. This reduction decreased with increasing formaldehyde treatment.Concentration of amino acids in the undegraded residues did not generally deviate from those in the original samples. However, a distinguishable decrease in the methionine concentration was observed in all the rapeseed meal samples and in glutamic acid concentration in rapeseed meal treated with 0 and 0·4 g formaldehyde/100g- crude protein.Most of the changes due to rumen incubation were smaller using the 10 μm bags than using the 40 μm bags. However, the bag pore size did not play a decisive role in the conclusions of the results given.

Response of fast growing lambs to compound protein level

1991 ◽  
Vol 1991 ◽  
pp. 85-85
Author(s):  
J S Blake ◽  
T D A Brigstocke ◽  
P J Kenyon
Keyword(s):  
Financial Support ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Development Unit ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Market Needs ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Lamb Growth

Reduction of the financial support by the EC to sheep farmers has highlighted the need for lamb fattening diets which can adjust the rate of lamb growth, depending on market needs. A trial was run at BOCM SILCOCK Development Unit, Barhill using 144 Texel and Suffolk x Mule lambs, with a mean start weight of 18.6 ± 0.50 kg (mean ± SE). Lambs were divided into 24 pens and allocated one of four compound diets (Diets A, B, C or D). The diets were designed to be isoenergetic with an estimated energy of 11.4 MJ ME/kg DM and contained 138, 172, 206 and 250 g crude protein/kg DM. Protein levels were increased by increasing soya bean meal inclusion from 0 to 25% and reducing barley and wheat levels.Formulations and actual analysis are shown in Table 1. Lambs were bedded on barley straw refreshed daily, with compound diets and water available ad-lib.

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