Pectobacterium brasiliense (soft rot and blackleg of ornamentals and potato).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janak Raj Joshi ◽  
Yuan Zeng ◽  
Amy Charkowski
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Varietal Resistance ◽  
Seed Certification ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cultivated Potatoes ◽  
North And South America ◽  
First Time ◽  
North And South

Abstract Pectobacterium brasiliense is a bacterial pathogen primarily of potato and other vegetables and ornamentals. The earliest reports of the bacterium causing disease were from Brazil in 2004 (El-Tassa and Duarte, 2004). This pathogen was reported for the first time in Europe (Belgium) in 2012 (van der Wolf et al., 2017). Since then, the pathogen has been reported in many regions of Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, North and South America. The bacterium has adapted itself to a wide range of temperatures and host species, thus it is considered a culprit for significant losses in China, South Africa, Brazil, Netherlands, Switzerland and UK (Meng et al., 2017; van der Wolf et al., 2017). Symptoms caused by P. brasiliense are indistinguishable from other soft rot Pectobacterium and Dickeya, therefore it is impossible to identify this species on the basis of field and laboratory symptoms. Unfortunately, there is no evidence of curative measures and varietal resistance (in cultivated potatoes) against this group of bacteria, so farmers rely on seed certification, exclusion and sanitation to mitigate its worst effects.

scholarly journals Pectobacterium brasiliense (soft rot and blackleg of ornamentals and potato).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janak Raj Joshi ◽  
Yuan Zeng ◽  
Amy Charkowski
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Varietal Resistance ◽  
Seed Certification ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cultivated Potatoes ◽  
North And South America ◽  
First Time ◽  
North And South

Abstract Pectobacterium brasiliense is a bacterial pathogen primarily infecting potato and other vegetables and ornamentals. The earliest reports of the bacterium causing disease were from Brazil in 2004 (El-Tassa and Duarte, 2004; Duarte et al., 2004). This pathogen was reported for the first time in Europe (Belgium) in 2012 (van der Wolf et al., 2017). Since then, the pathogen has been reported in many regions of Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, North and South America. The bacterium has adapted itself to a wide range of temperatures and host species, thus it is considered a culprit for significant losses in China, South Africa, Brazil, Netherlands, Switzerland and UK (Meng et al., 2017; van der Wolf et al., 2017). Symptoms caused by P. brasiliense are indistinguishable from other soft rot Pectobacterium and Dickeya, therefore it is impossible to identify this species on the basis of field and laboratory symptoms. Unfortunately, there is no evidence of curative measures and varietal resistance (in cultivated potatoes) against this group of bacteria, so farmers rely on seed certification, exclusion and sanitation to mitigate its worst effects.

scholarly journals Characterization of a newly established aggregation of the invasive ladybeetle Harmonia axyridis and current status of the invader in Spain

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. e1006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xavier Pons ◽  
Meritxell Roca ◽  
Belén Lumbierres ◽  
Éric Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Harmonia Axyridis ◽  
Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Aphid Control ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Overwintering Aggregation ◽  
North And South America ◽  
First Time ◽  
North And South

<p>The multicoloured Asian ladybeetle, <em>Harmonia </em><em>axyridis</em> (Pallas), an invasive biocontrol agent introduced in North and South America, as well as in Europe for aphid control, drastically affected assemblages of native coccinellid species, local communities and people. Although the insect is common in several European countries and it was released in Spain for aphid control in 1995, no evidence of population establishment has been reported until 2011. In the present paper, 1) we summarize the records of the invasive ladybeetle in Spain and provide numerous new mentions, and 2) we follow for the first time an overwintering aggregation from autumn to spring and characterize some individual features which allow us to determine its phenology of the establishment and spreading. The results establish clearly that: 1) <em>H. axyridis</em> is (until now) restricted to Catalonia (NE Spain) but the invading process is in progress and the insect is able to occupy different habitats; 2) the ladybeetle overwinters successfully in Spain without significant natural mortality or parasitism; 3) the form <em>succinea</em> represents 73-81% of the overwintering individuals, and 4) the invasion takes probably its origin from Southern France. The potential impact of the invasion by <em>H. axyridis</em> in Spain is discussed.</p>

scholarly journals The choice of lucerne varieties in the Netherlands.

1953 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-185
Author(s):  
W. Scheijgrond
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cold Resistance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
Different Types ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

Trials were carried out at 2 stations in the Netherlands in the period 1949-51 to compare the amounts of dry matter and crude protein yielded per ha. by 5 different types of lucerne. The Northern French varieties (Du Puits, Flamande Chartain-villiers and Flamande Flandria) gave considerably higher yields of dry matter and protein than Provence or Italian lucerne. A further trial was carried out in the Netherlands in co-operation with O.E.E.C., in which the performances of varieties from Western, Eastern, Central and Southern Europe, North and South America, New Zealand, India and South Africa were compared. The results are tabulated under the following headings: yield in comparative figures, speed of regrowth after winter, earliness of flowering, degree of infestation by grasses and cold-resistance. The Northern French varieties Du Puits, Flamande Flandria, Flamande Chartainvilliers, Flamande Socheville and Flamande C49, gave higher yields of dry matter and crude protein, regrew more rapidly after winter and were less susceptible to infestation by grasses than the other varieties tested. Their cold-resistance was satisfactory. There were no considerable differences in performance between the Northern French varieties tested.-W.J.B. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

A new Australian record of a Parajapidae (Diplura): a potential pest of wheat

Soil Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (7) ◽  
pp. 657
Author(s):  
Penelope Greenslade ◽  
Yun-Xia Luan
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
New South ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Deep Soil ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Potential Pest ◽  
North And South America ◽  
First Time ◽  
North And South

Parajapyx isabellae (Grassi, 1886) is recorded for the first time from Australia. It is a cosmopolitan soil species found in Europe, North and South America and Asia. Womersley last studied Australian Parajapygidae 80 years ago, listing a single endemic species for the genus Parajapyx Silvestri, 1903, sensu stricta. In 2017, an unidentified Parajapyx was found in deep soil under wheat in winter, spring and summer at Harden, New South Wales, in a long-term tillage trial. It was most abundant in the minimum tillage/stubble retained plots in soil below 5 cm but rarely observed in the conventionally tilled/stubble burned plots. The same field experiment was sampled five times using the same methods over 3 years from 1993–95 but no specimens of Diplura were collected. The specimens were identified as P. isabellae using morphology and confirmed with the DNA barcoding sequence data. Most species of Parajapygidae are carnivores feeding on small arthropods but there are records from North America, Europe and Hawaii of P. isabellae feeding on roots of wheat and other agricultural crops. We provide here illustrations of species P. isabellae so that crop scientists in Australia are aware of the potential pest and can identify it. Sequence data indicate that the population may have originated from two sources.

Dickeya solani (black leg disease of potato).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerry Saddler
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Potato Production ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Varietal Resistance ◽  
Seed Certification ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
System P ◽  
Recent Emergence ◽  
Dickeya Solani ◽  
And Control

Abstract Dickeya solani is a bacterial pathogen of potato thought to have crossed from horticultural crops in Northern Europe in 2005-2006. The earliest reports of disease on potato are from Belgium and the Netherlands, though it is now present in most European countries and Israel. Symptoms range from blackleg to top wilt in the growing plant and soft rotting of tubers. Symptoms are indistinguishable from those caused by Pectobacterium atrosepticum, P. carotovorum, P. parmentieri (formerly P. wasabiae) (Khayi et al., 2016) and D. dianthicola and control is usually reliant on seed certification schemes to mitigate its worst effects. It should be noted that most losses are attributable to the certification process itself though losses as high as 30% have been recorded in crops grown in Israel. There is no evidence of varietal resistance in potato. D. solani is a highly clonal organism highlighting its recent emergence as a pathogen but also the vulnerability of Europe's highly integrated potato production system.

scholarly journals Worldwide examples of global heritage stones: an introduction

2020 ◽  
Vol 486 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Joseph T. Hannibal ◽  
S. Kramar ◽  
B. J. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Special Significance ◽  
Human Culture ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

AbstractHeritage stones are stones that have special significance in human culture. The papers in this volume discuss a wide variety of such stones, including stones from Europe, Asia, North and South America, Africa and Australia. Igneous (basalt, porphyry and a variety of granites), sedimentary (sandstone, limestone) and metamorphic (marble, quartzite, gneiss, slate, soapstone) stones are featured. These stones have been used over long periods of time for a wide range of uses, including monuments, buildings of architectural note, columns, roofing, tiling and lithography. A number of papers in this book provide information that is essential for eventual approval of stones as a Global Heritage Stone Resource or a group of stones as a Global Heritage Stone Province.

How Does Collaborative Governance Scale?

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Collaborative Governance ◽  
Employment Policy ◽  
Humanitarian Relief ◽  
Single Scale ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

Scale is an overlooked issue in the research on interactive governance. This book takes up the important task of investigating the scalar dimensions of collaborative governance in networks, partnerships, and other interactive arenas and explores the challenges of operating at a single scale, across or at multiple scales and of moving between scales. The introductory chapter presents a general framework for thinking about the scale of collaborative governance and for conceptualizing dynamic processes of scaling. These general ideas provide the basis for examining the role of scale and scaling in a wide range of policy areas, including employment policy, water management, transportation planning, public health, university governance, artistic markets, child welfare and humanitarian relief. Cases are drawn from Asia, Australia, Europe, and North and South America and span all levels from local to global. Together, the theoretical framework and the empirical case studies sensitize us to the tensions that arise between scales of governance and to the challenges of shifting from one scale of governance to another.

Redescription and new records of Ontholestes brasilianus Bernhauer, 1906 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae) 

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4388 (1) ◽  
pp. 143
Author(s):  
VINÍCIUS COSTA-SILVA ◽  
ANGÉLICO ASENJO ◽  
ALFRED F. NEWTON ◽  
PATRICIA J. THYSSEN
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
New Records ◽  
South American ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Additional Species ◽  
Palearctic Species ◽  
Mistaken Identification ◽  
North And South America ◽  
First Time ◽  
North And South

The genus Ontholestes Ganglbauer includes 35 species distributed mainly in Eurasia, with a few additional species in Africa and North and South America (Herman, 2001; Yang & Zhou, 2012; Smetana & Shavrin, 2013; Rougemont, 2016). According to Asenjo et al. (2013), the South American record of the Palearctic species Ontholestes murinus (Linnaeus, 1758) for Brazil made by J. Guérin (1953) seems doubtful. Ontholestes murinus was recorded for the first time outside the Palaearctic region by Smetana (1981), from Newfoundland, in Canada, as an adventive species (e.g., Downie and Arnett, 1996; Brunke et al., 2011), but its occurrence in Brazil remains to be confirmed; if the Guérin (1953) record was based on a mistaken identification or mislabeled specimen, this would reduce the number of species distributed in this region from two to one. With respect to O. brasilianus Bernhauer, although it has been confirmed for Peru, Brazil and Argentina (Herman, 2001; Asenjo et al., 2013; Newton, 2015; Newton & Caron, 2015), no specific localities of occurrence have been reported since its description in 1906. Thus, to solve problems of misidentification with Neotropical species of this genus, in this study we redescribe Ontholestes brasilianus and provide the first illustrations of the beetle including its aedeagus and a short key for South American species. Additionally, new records from South America are listed here. 

scholarly journals Disentangling unspecific and specific transgenerational immune priming components in host-parasite interactions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frida Ben-Ami ◽  
Christian Orlic ◽  
Roland R. Regoes
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Immune Memory ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Immune Priming ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Pasteuria Ramosa ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
First Time

AbstractExposure to a pathogen primes many organisms to respond faster or more efficiently to subsequent exposures. Such priming can be unspecific or specific, and has been found to extend across generations. Disentangling and quantifying specific and unspecific effects is essential for understanding the genetic epidemiology of a system. By combining a large infection experiment and mathematical modeling, we disentangle different transgenerational effects in the crustacean model Daphnia magna exposed to different strains of the bacterial parasite Pasteuria ramosa. In the experiments, we exposed hosts to a high-dose of one of three parasite strains, and subsequently challenged their offspring with multiple doses of the same or a different strain, i. e. homologously or heterogously. We find that exposure to Pasteuria decreases the susceptibility of a host’s offspring by approximately 50%. This transgenerational protection is not larger for homologous than for heterologous parasite challenges. Our work represents an important contribution not only to the analysis of immune priming in ecological systems, but also to the experimental assessment of vaccines. We present for the first time an inference framework to investigate specific and unspecific effects of immune priming on the susceptibility distribution of hosts — effects that are central to understanding immunity and the effect of vaccines.Author summaryImmune memory is a feature of immune systems that forms the basis of vaccination. In opposition to textbook accounts, the ability to specifically remember previous exposures has been found to extend to invertebrates and shown to be able to be passed on from mother to off-spring, i. e. to be transgenerational. In this paper, we investigate the extent of this specificity in unprecedented detail in water fleas. We exposed water flea mothers to different strains of a bacterial pathogen and challenged their offspring with a wide range of doses of a strain that were either identical to (homologous) or different from (heterologous) the strain, to which the mother had been exposed. We find that, while exposure of the mother reduces the susceptibility of the offspring, this effect is not specific. This work outlines the limits of specific transgenerational immune memory in this invertebrate system.

First record of Dendrobaena pygmaea (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) from Asia (Yokohama, Japan)

Zootaxa ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 487 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
R. J. BLAKEMORE
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
First Record ◽  
National University ◽  
North And South America ◽  
First Time ◽  
North And South ◽  
Distribution In Europe

The 'cosmopolitan' lumbricid earthworm Dendrobaena pygmaea (Savigny, 1826) is reported for the first time from Asia, from the campus of Yokohama National University, Japan. It is a small detritivorous 'litter species' or 'humus feeder' found to have a simple intestinal typhlosole. Here it is briefly re-described, and its taxonomy and previously known distribution (in Europe, North Africa, North and South America) are discussed. A figure is provided. As Yokohama port was opened for foreign trade shortly after Commodore Perry's visit in 1853, the incursion of this species is probably only within the last 150 years. It is not considered to pose any particular environmental risk.

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