Risk Management of Granola Potato Seeds Production: A Study in Kertasari, West Java, Indonesia

The quality of potato seeds is important to support increased production. The majority of farmers do not certify potato seeds, which can result in various risks for potato seed production activities. This research aims to identify the risks of potato seed production and formulate risk control strategies for potato seeds production. The research uses house of risk method. The results of this study show thirty-nine identified risk events. The most impactful risk event was rotten potato. Thirty-two identified risk agents with two priorities must be handled first. The most effective ways in handling strategy are training, the certification of potato seed breeder farmers, potato seed certification, as well as purchasing breeder seeds from vegetable crop research center and from other seed breeders. This research suggests the needs to produce quality potato seeds by certifying potato seed and to update the competency certification of potato seed breeders.

Pectobacterium brasiliense (soft rot and blackleg of ornamentals and potato).

Pectobacterium brasiliense is a bacterial pathogen primarily infecting potato and other vegetables and ornamentals. The earliest reports of the bacterium causing disease were from Brazil in 2004 (El-Tassa and Duarte, 2004; Duarte et al., 2004). This pathogen was reported for the first time in Europe (Belgium) in 2012 (van der Wolf et al., 2017). Since then, the pathogen has been reported in many regions of Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, North and South America. The bacterium has adapted itself to a wide range of temperatures and host species, thus it is considered a culprit for significant losses in China, South Africa, Brazil, Netherlands, Switzerland and UK (Meng et al., 2017; van der Wolf et al., 2017). Symptoms caused by P. brasiliense are indistinguishable from other soft rot Pectobacterium and Dickeya, therefore it is impossible to identify this species on the basis of field and laboratory symptoms. Unfortunately, there is no evidence of curative measures and varietal resistance (in cultivated potatoes) against this group of bacteria, so farmers rely on seed certification, exclusion and sanitation to mitigate its worst effects.

Pectobacterium brasiliense (soft rot and blackleg of ornamentals and potato).

Pectobacterium brasiliense is a bacterial pathogen primarily of potato and other vegetables and ornamentals. The earliest reports of the bacterium causing disease were from Brazil in 2004 (El-Tassa and Duarte, 2004). This pathogen was reported for the first time in Europe (Belgium) in 2012 (van der Wolf et al., 2017). Since then, the pathogen has been reported in many regions of Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, North and South America. The bacterium has adapted itself to a wide range of temperatures and host species, thus it is considered a culprit for significant losses in China, South Africa, Brazil, Netherlands, Switzerland and UK (Meng et al., 2017; van der Wolf et al., 2017). Symptoms caused by P. brasiliense are indistinguishable from other soft rot Pectobacterium and Dickeya, therefore it is impossible to identify this species on the basis of field and laboratory symptoms. Unfortunately, there is no evidence of curative measures and varietal resistance (in cultivated potatoes) against this group of bacteria, so farmers rely on seed certification, exclusion and sanitation to mitigate its worst effects.

Dickeya solani (black leg disease of potato).

Dickeya solani is a bacterial pathogen of potato thought to have crossed from horticultural crops in Northern Europe in 2005-2006. The earliest reports of disease on potato are from Belgium and the Netherlands, though it is now present in most European countries and Israel. Symptoms range from blackleg to top wilt in the growing plant and soft rotting of tubers. Symptoms are indistinguishable from those caused by Pectobacterium atrosepticum, P. carotovorum, P. parmentieri (formerly P. wasabiae) (Khayi et al., 2016) and D. dianthicola and control is usually reliant on seed certification schemes to mitigate its worst effects. It should be noted that most losses are attributable to the certification process itself though losses as high as 30% have been recorded in crops grown in Israel. There is no evidence of varietal resistance in potato. D. solani is a highly clonal organism highlighting its recent emergence as a pathogen but also the vulnerability of Europe's highly integrated potato production system.

Didymella fabae (leaf and pod spot).

Ascochyta blight is the most severe disease of cool-season pulses (Davidson and Kimber, 2007). D. fabae (anamorph: Ascochyta fabae) attacks Vicia faba and can survive and reproduce in and spread from crop debris or be transported in infected seed. Introduction on infected seed occurred in Australia and Canada in the 1970s, and was probably the means for the pathogen's original spread to countries outside southwestern Asia. Ascospores are disseminated by wind from the debris as primary inoculum and secondary cycles are initiated by conidia spread by rain splash from plant lesions. The fungus is host-specific in causing disease, but may be able to survive in non-host plants and reproduce on their debris. It is not treated as a phytosanitary risk or listed as an invasive pathogen by major organizations. Seed certification is the primary means of preventing its spread to new areas and the importation of new genotypes of the fungus to areas already infested.

Development of Material Combination Model Considering Economics and Construction Efficiency for G-SEED Certification

The Korean government proposed a goal to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 37% compared to business-as-usual levels by 2030 and launched the Green Standard for Energy and Environmental Design (G-SEED) certification system. The certification requires meeting the required score and material selection with a secured economy and construction efficiency. However, most buildings only focus on obtaining the certification scores instead of choosing economical materials with high construction efficiency. This research focused on developing a material selection model that considers both the construction efficiency and economy of the materials and the acquisition of material and resource evaluation scores from the G-SEED certification. This research, therefore, analyzed actual data to automate the material selection and compare alternatives to using a genetic algorithm to obtain optimized alternatives. This model proposes an alternative to constructability and economy when the required score and material information is entered. When the model was applied to actual cases, the result revealed a reduction in construction costs of about 37% compared to the cost with the traditional methods. The material selection model from this research can benefit construction project owners in terms of cost reduction, designers in terms of structural design time, and constructors in terms of construction efficiency

Stability analysis of sugar beet genotypes in terms of yield and sugar ratios (Beta vulgaris Var. saccharifera L.)

This study was carried out to investigate the ecological regions of Eskişehir, Konya, Kırşehir, and Çorum in terms of sugar beet root yield (kg da-1), polar sugar rate (%), refined sugar rate (%) and sugar yield (kg da-1), to determine stabilities of selected genotypes, and to assist future studies. The experiment was conducted in the ecological regions of Eskişehir, Konya, Kırşehir, and Çorum between 2013 and 2017, using the trial data from the Variety Registration and Seed Certification Center. 58 genotypes of foreign origin were used in the study. It was determined that the Çorum location could be considered as bad environment in terms of sugar beet root yield feature, the Çorum and Eskişehir locations in terms of polar sugar beet and refined sugar rate feature, and the Eskişehir location in terms of polar sugar rate feature. It was concluded that Sandrina, Bernache and Aigrette genotypes showed good adaptation under good environmental conditions and were stable in terms of sugar beet root yield; Garrot and Beetle genotypes in terms of sugar yield; Delano and Portofina KWS (5K618) genotypes in terms of polar sugar rate; Ametist (SV1634), Masai, and Eldorado genotypes in terms of refined sugar rate. Since the performances of genotypes in different environmental conditions differ, it is of great importance to examine the performances of new varieties in different ecological environments. In terms of sugar beet root yield characteristics, it is recommended to prefer warmer ecological locations

Effects of Different Growth Regulators on Seed Germination and Vigor of Pot Marigold (Calendula Officinalis. L)

Flowers are valued to mankind from the dawn of civilization. Flowers are used for various purposes in our day to day life like worshipping, religious and social functions, wedding, interior decoration, natural colours, dyes, scents and self adornment. Calendula officinalis is used as sudorific, blood refiner, blood sugar reducer and also use as anti-inflammatory skin. Seed testing is an essential step for evaluation of planting value of seeds, to minimize the risk of failure in planting low quality seeds. The importance of seed testing in agricultural crops has long been realized. Seed testing is also necessary to determine the need for drying and processing, to determine the quality standards under seed certification and seed law enforcement program, to identify seed quality problems and their probable causes and to provide basis for price fixation and consumer discrimination of seed lots etc.the 200ppm concentration of GA3 shows the significant and positive effect on the various germination and seedling parameters under study shows that GA3 is the best priming substance for the healthy and better germination in pot marigold. SAARC J. Agri., 18(2): 227-231 (2020)