Chrysomyxa abietis (needle rust of fir).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
Rust Fungus ◽  
Significant Problem ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Native Range ◽  
Obligate Parasite ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Accidental Introduction

Abstract C. abietis is a microcyclic rust fungus; an obligate parasite completing its life cycle on species of Picea (spruce). Only the current year's needles of Picea are infected and those needles are shed early. Reported from northern Europe and Asia, the fungus is a Regulated Pest for the USA. It is absent from North America, where susceptible species are native, and Australia and New Zealand, where they are introduced. Although usually not a significant problem in its native range, because conditions are not favourable for heavy infections every year (Smith et al., 1988; Hansen, 1997), this rust could be more damaging as an invasive in other temperate areas. Due to the fact that small amounts of infection may be overlooked, accidental introduction could occur through importation of infected seedlings or young trees.

Thekopsora areolata (cherry spruce rust).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
Rust Fungus ◽  
Native Range ◽  
Obligate Parasite ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The One ◽  
Accidental Introduction

Abstract T. areolata is a heteroecious rust fungus; an obligate parasite with stages of its life cycle on cones of Picea species and leaves of Prunus spp. Reported from Europe and Asia, the fungus is a Regulated Pest for the USA. It is absent from North America, where susceptible species are native or introduced, and Australia and New Zealand, where such species are introduced. Although usually not a major problem in its native range, this rust could be more damaging as an invasive in other temperate areas. Due to the fact that small amounts of infection may be overlooked, accidental introduction could occur through importation of infected cones carrying aeciospores. The one known introduction to North America involved a tree of Prunus sp. in a garden, from which there was no documented spread.

Chrysomyxa rhododendri (European rhododendron rust).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Rust Fungus ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Sexual Stage ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Asexual Form ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Accidental Introduction

Abstract C. rhododendri is a heteroecious rust fungus; an obligate parasite completing stages of its life cycle on different plants. Mating of haploid strains occurs on species of Picea, followed by the production of asexual aeciospores that infect Rhododendron species. Another asexual form producing urediniospores occurs on Rhododendron, followed by the production of teliospores (the sexual stage). All stages are known from Europe. The fungus was reported in 1954 on Rhododendron in the northwestern USA, but the aecial form has not been found in North America. The fungus is a Regulated Pest for the USA; it has been introduced into the UK, New Zealand and Australia. As an invasive species, this rust is damaging on species of Picea and Rhododendron. As latent infections on Rhododendron can be overlooked, accidental introduction of the rust may occur through the importation of these popular ornamental plants (Savile, 1973).

Chrysomyxa himalensis (needle rust of spruce).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Latent Infection ◽  
Rust Fungus ◽  
Himalayan Region ◽  
Native Range ◽  
Southern Asia ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Accidental Introduction

Abstract C. himalensis is a heteroecious rust completing different stages of its life cycle on different plants. The teleomorph occurs on Rhododendron species in the Himalayan region of southern Asia; an anamorph is reported on Picea species. Although not a major problem in its narrow native range, this rust fungus could be more damaging as an invasive on Picea and Rhododendron. The fungus is a Regulated Pest for the USA; it is considered potentially damaging to Rhododendron by CAST (2002). Small amounts of perennial or latent infection may be overlooked, therefore accidental introduction of the rust could occur through importation of infected germplasm by the horticultural industry or by flower enthusiasts.

Pilosella aurantiaca (orange hawkweed).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghislaine Cortat ◽  
Gitta Grosskopf
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Perennial Herb ◽  
Native Range ◽  
Hieracium Pilosella ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Noxious Weed ◽  
Vegetation Loss

Abstract P. aurantiaca is a perennial herb which has spread rapidly in North America after its introduction as an ornamental and/or the contamination of pasture seeds from its native range in Europe. Although it is known to be a noxious weed elsewhere, it continues to be available as a garden ornamental and is therefore likely to spread further. It is an undesirable invader on account of its competitiveness, prolific seed production and vigorous vegetative growth leading to a drastic change in vegetation, loss in forage for stock, and loss of biodiversity. All Hieracium/Pilosella species are prohibited entry to Australia and New Zealand, and in the USA, P. aurantiaca is a declared weed in Colorado, Idaho, Minnesota and Washington.

Puccinia gladioli.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Rust Fungus ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Sexual Stage ◽  
Native Range ◽  
The West ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Asexual Form ◽  
Accidental Introduction

Abstract P. gladioli is a heteroecious rust fungus, an obligate parasite with alternating life stages on different plants. The asexual form occurs on species of Valerianella, producing aeciospores that then infect Gladiolus species. The production of teliospores, the sexual stage, on Gladiolus, completes the cycle. Both stages are known in Europe, North Africa and southwestern Asia, but only the aecial form has been reported in North America, and only on the west coast. The fungus is a Regulated Pest for the USA (Wise et al., 2004) and is absent from South Africa and Australia, where other Gladiolus species are native or naturalized. Although not a significant problem in its native range, this rust fungus could be damaging as an invasive in other temperate areas. Small amounts of infection may be overlooked; therefore accidental introduction of the rust could occur through importation of infected germplasm by the horticultural industry or flower enthusiasts.

Cronartium flaccidum (Scots pine blister rust).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Rust Fungus ◽  
Sexual Stage ◽  
Eastern Asia ◽  
Alternate Host ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Dicotyledonous Plants ◽  
Accidental Introduction

Abstract C. flaccidum is a heteroecious rust fungus, completing different stages of its life cycle on different plants. Mating of haploid strains occurs on species of Pinus, followed by the production of aeciospores, which infect various species of herbaceous dicotyledons. An asexual stage producing urediniospores occurs on the dicotyledonous plants, followed by the production of teliospores, the sexual stage, that germinate to form basidiospores that infect pines thus completing the cycle. A closely-related autoecious rust, Endocronartium (Peridermium) pini, only infects Pinus hosts. C. flaccidum is known from Europe and parts of northern and eastern Asia; it is a Regulated Pest for the USA (USDA/APHIS, 2008). As an invasive in other temperate areas, this rust could be damaging on native and introduced pines or the alternate host species. The infections on pines develop slowly, therefore the fungus might be overlooked, such that accidental introduction of the rust could occur through the importation of conifer [Pinopsida] seedlings or trees.

Puccinia buxi.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
North America ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Latent Infections ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
The Usa

Abstract P. buxi is an autoecious microcyclic rust, completing its life cycle with two spore forms on one host. It is native to parts of Europe and Asia. An introduction to the USA, is evidence that it can be invasive with respect to other temperate countries, particularly because its hosts in the genus Buxus are often propagated vegetatively and may carry latent infections. Boxwoods have long been popular as ornamentals, therefore the rust's current absence from North America and temperate regions of the southern hemisphere is puzzling; in the earliest introductions of the host, the pathogen would probably have been ignored or overlooked. Conditions of boxwood cultivation may discourage the rust's growth and survival.

Linaria vulgaris (common toadflax).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Gassmann ◽  
Chris Parker
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Invasive Species ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
The United States ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Native Vegetation ◽  
Native Range ◽  
The Usa

Abstract L. vulgaris is a perennial flowering plant with a spreading root system. It forms dense mats which can compete with crops and suppress native vegetation, reducing pasture productivity and/or biodiversity (ISSG, 2015). Native to temperate areas of Europe and Asia, it has been widely introduced to North America, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, and is regarded as noxious in many of these countries. By inclusion in indexes of invasive species it is regarded as invasive widely in Canada and in the USA (Alberta Invasive Species Council, 2014; Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States, 2015). L. vulgaris received an invasive index of 69 (out of a maximum of 100) in Alaska, USA (ANHP, 2011). It is also regarded as invasive within its native range in Serbia (Dzigurski and Nikolic, 2014).

Biologism in Psychiatry

1990 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 461-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derrick Silove
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Zealand Journal ◽  
Human Behaviour ◽  
Biological Model ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Study Visit ◽  
The Usa

A recent study visit to North America impressed on me the seriousness with which Australian psychiatry should consider the recent ideological shift in the USA to an extreme biological model of mental disorders [1]. There is increasing evidence that proponents of this model are not simply promoting the value of biological research (with which few psychiatrists would quibble), but that the field is at risk of being overwhelmed by a reductionistic “biologism” which assumes an organic causation for all abnormal human behaviour. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 1190; 24: 461–463

scholarly journals Wild rice - a potential new crop for Finland

1998 ◽  
Vol 7 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 583-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. MÄKELÄ ◽  
W. O. ARCHIBOLD ◽  
P. PELTONEN-SAINIO
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Wild Rice ◽  
Rice Plant ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Natural Stands ◽  
Organically Grown ◽  
New Crop

Wild rice (Zizania palustris L.), an aquatic grass that grows naturally in lakes and slowly flowing rivers in North America, has been used as a food for thousands of years by some aboriginal tribes. In natural stands, the seeds mature in the autumn and overwinter on the lake bed. They germinate in May, with growth to maturity requiring approximately 100 days. The similarity of growing conditions between North America and Finland suggests that wild rice might succeed in northern Europe. The wild rice plant and the production of both organically grown Canadian wild rice and paddy-grown wild rice in the USA are briefly described in this review article together with the results of preliminary growth trials and an assessment of its agricultural role in Finland.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document