Puccinia horiana. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1968 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Complete Loss ◽  
Rust Disease ◽  
White Rust ◽  
Chrysanthemum Indicum ◽  
Water Splash ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
Puccinia Horiana

Abstract A description is provided for Puccinia horiana. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Chrysanthemum indicum, C. japonense, C. makinoi, C. makinoi var. wakasaense, C. morifolium var. sinense, C. shiwagiku, C. shiwagiku var. kinokuniense and by inoculation on C. arcticum subsp. maekawanum, C. boreale, C. nipponicum, C. pacificum and C. yoshinaganthum (Hiratsuka, 1957). DISEASE: White rust disease of chrysanthemum. First noticed as yellow spots on the upper surface, the centres of the spots later turn brown. On the underside of the leaves, raised buff, pinkish, waxy pustules develop which later turn whitish and become quite prominent. Severe infection leads to complete loss of crop. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (South Africa); Asia (China, Japan); Australasia (New Zealand); Europe (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Finland, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden). (CMI Map 403, Ed. 2, 1966) TRANSMISSION: Sporidia disseminated by water splash account for the spread in individual plants. Importation of infected plants accounts for its rapid spread in new territories.

Ramularia vallisumbrosae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. David
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
White Mould ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Water Splash ◽  
The Dead ◽  
British Colombia ◽  
Pancratium Maritimum

Abstract A description is provided for Ramularia vallisumbrosae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: White mould. Infects the leaves and stems of daffodils, causing leaf spots, and can cause the leaves to die down early, which reduces flowering in the following year. HOSTS: Leucojum vernum, Narcissus biflorus, N. odorus, N. poeticus and N. pseudonarcissus, Pancratium maritimum and numerous Narcissus cultivars (Amaryllidaceae). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: NORTH AMERICA: Canada (British Colombia), USA (Oregon, Washington). EUROPE: Denmark, France, Great Britain, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Ukraine. TRANSMISSION: The fungus survives in the dead leaves as sclerotia, which in turn germinate to produce conidia when the new leaves emerge. The fungus is also spread between plants by wind and water splash.

scholarly journals Chrysanthemum WRKY15-1 promotes resistance to Puccinia horiana Henn. via the salicylic acid signaling pathway

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengmeng Bi ◽  
Xueying Li ◽  
Xin Yan ◽  
Di Liu ◽  
Ge Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Homologous Gene ◽  
Susceptible Cultivar ◽  
Rust Disease ◽  
Resistance Response ◽  
Real Time Quantitative Pcr ◽  
White Rust ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
Puccinia Horiana

AbstractChrysanthemum white rust disease, which is caused by the fungus Puccinia horiana Henn., severely reduces the ornamental quality and yield chrysanthemum. WRKY transcription factors function in the disease-resistance response in a variety of plants; however, it is unclear whether members of this family improve resistance to white rust disease in chrysanthemum. In this study, using PCR, we isolated a WRKY15 homologous gene, CmWRKY15-1, from the resistant chrysanthemum cultivar C029. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) revealed that CmWRKY15-1 exhibited differential expression patterns between the immune cultivar C029 and the susceptible cultivar Jinba upon P. horiana infection. In addition, salicylic acid (SA) treatment strongly induced CmWRKY15-1 expression. Overexpression of CmWRKY15-1 in the chrysanthemum-susceptible cultivar Jinba increased tolerance to P. horiana infection. Conversely, silencing CmWRKY15-1 via RNA interference (RNAi) in C029 increased sensitivity to P. horiana infection. We also determined that P. horiana infection increased both the endogenous SA content and the expression of salicylic acid biosynthesis genes in CmWRKY15-1-overexpressing plants, whereas CmWRKY15-1 RNAi plants exhibited the opposite effects under the same conditions. Finally, the transcript levels of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes involved in the SA pathway were positively associated with CmWRKY15-1 expression levels. Our results demonstrated that CmWRKY15-1 plays an important role in the resistance of chrysanthemum to P. horiana by influencing SA signaling.

Septoria chrysanthemella. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1967 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Tagetes Patula ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Chrysanthemum Indicum ◽  
Previous Season ◽  
Brown Leaf Spot ◽  
Water Splash ◽  
Brown Leaf ◽  
Black Leaf Spot

Abstract A description is provided for Septoria chrysanthemella. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Chrysanthemum indicum, C. japonicum, C. morifolium, C. parthenium. Also by inoculation on C. azaleanum, C. koreanum, C. leueanthemum, C. segetum, C. roseum, Tagetes patula, Centaurea cyanus (Punithalingam & Wheeler, 1965; Schneider, 1959). DISEASE: Formerly known as brown leaf spot or blight (Halsted, 1891; Cavara, 1892; Salmon, 1907; Moore, 1959) but now referred to as the black leaf spot of chrysanthemum (Hemmi & Nakamura 1927; Waddel & Weber, 1963) in order to distinguish the symptoms from those produced by Septoria obesa (CMI Descript. 139). The first visible leaf symptom is a small discrete necrotic spot. This gradually develops into a circular or elliptical spot seldom irregular, about 5-10 mm wide, at first dark brown, then turning black. Leaf spots of a purple to brown colour, with a distinct brown margin are not uncommon. The disease appears in susceptible chrysanthemum plants of all ages, first on the lower leaves and then gradually progressing upwards. This is a disfiguring disease and in a severe attack all leaves wither resulting in premature defoliation. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique); Asia (China, Formosa, Japan, Pakistan, Philippines); Australasia (Australia, New Zealand); Europe (Austria, Azores, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Rumania, Spain, Yugoslavia, U.S.S.R.); North America (Canada, U.S.A.), Central America (Costa Rica, Cuba). (Literature; Herb. IMI). TRANSMISSION: Dimock & Allyn (24: 192) suggested the pathogen may survive the winter in the soil in infected debris from the previous season. The fungus may be disseminated by water splash or by mechanical means as with S. obesa.

scholarly journals Perbandingan Teknik Inokulasi Puccinia horiana dan Seleksi Bakteri Antagonis untuk Mengendalikan Penyakit Karat Putih pada Krisan

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 173
Author(s):  
Hanudin ◽  
Waqiah Nuryani ◽  
Evi Silvia Yusuf ◽  
Ika Djatnika ◽  
Muchdar Soedarjo
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Healthy Plant ◽  
Antagonistic Bacteria ◽  
Rust Disease ◽  
Transparent Plastic ◽  
Inoculation Technique ◽  
White Rust ◽  
Puccinia Horiana ◽  
And Control

Penyakit karat pada krisan (Dendranthema grandiflora) yang disebabkan oleh Puccinia horiana, merupakan kendala utama dalam budidaya krisan.  Kehilangan hasil krisan oleh patogen tersebut dapat mencapai 100%. Penelitian ini bertujuan (1) mendapatkan teknik inokulasi P. horiana yang efektif menimbulkan gejala penyakit dan (2) mendapatkan bakteri antagonis yang secara efektif dapat mengendalikan penyakit karat putih pada tanaman krisan. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium dan Rumah Kaca Balai Penelitian Tanaman Hias (1.100 m dpl.) sejak Juni sampai  dengan Desember 2009. Penelitian terdiri dari dua kegiatan. Rancangan yang digunakan pada masing-masing kegiatan ialah acak kelompok dengan 11 perlakuan yaitu pustul karat direndam dalam air, pustul karat pecah direndam dalam air, pustul karat direndam dalam air disimpan 10oC 12 jam, pustul karat pecah direndam dalam air10oC 12 jam, pustul ditempel di atas daun, pustul pecah ditempel di atas daun, pustul ditempel di bawah daun, pustul pecah ditempel dibawah daun, tanaman plus pustul disimpan di samping tanaman uji disungkup, tanaman pustul pecah disimpan di samping tanaman uji disungkup, dan kontrol dengan tiga ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa metode inokulasi P. horiana  isolat yang paling efektif menimbulkan gejala penyakit karat putih pada krisan ialah perlakuan peletakan tanaman yang terinfeksi P. horiana  dengan pustul yang belum maupun telah pecah di samping tanaman sehat.  Dari hasil uji antagonistik diketahui bahwa isolat bakteri antagonis Corynebacterium-2, merupakan isolat yang paling efektif mengendalikan P. horiana. Kemangkusan bakteri antagonis tersebut dalam menekan P. horiana sebanding dengan fungisida sintetik berbahan aktif azoksistrobin 0,1%. Isolat Corynebacterium-2 berpotensi untuk digunakan lebih lanjut sebagai bahan aktif biopestisida yang efektif untuk mengendalikan penyakit karat putih pada krisan. Pegembangan biopestisida tersebut diharapkan dapat menekan penggunaan pestisida sintetik.<br /><br /><br /><br />White rust disease caused by P. horiana is one of the serious problems on chrysanthemum cultivation. The pathogen causes yield losses  up to 100%. The research was aimed (1) to determine the effective inoculation technique and (2) to select antagonistic bacteria  for effectively controlling the pathogen. The research was carried out  in the Laboratory and  Glasshouse of Indonesian Ornamental Crops Research Institute (IOCRI), from June to December 2009.  The research consisted of two experiments. Each experiments was arranged in a randomized completely block design with 11 treatments i.e. rust pustuls dipped in water, mature rust pustuls dipped in water, rust pustuls dipped in water and stored at 10oC during 12 hours, mature rust pustuls dipped in water and stored at 10oC during 12 hours, pustuls adhered on the leaf, mature pustuls adhered on the leaf, pustuls adhered beneath the leaf, mature rust pustuls adhered beneath the leaf, the plant + pustuls stored beside tested plants covered by transparent plastic, mature pustuls plants stored beside tested plants covered by transparent plastic, and control with three replications. The results indicated that the most effective inoculation technique for the pathogen was locating and infected plant with immature or mature pustuls  surounding  a healthy plant. The effective antagonistic bacteria against the pathogen was Corynebacterium-2. The effectiveness of  the antagonistic bacteria in suppressing P. horiana  was equivalent to synthetic fungicide  azoksistrobin 0.1%. The Corynebacterium-2 isolate will be potentially used as an active ingredient of biopesticide for controlling white rust disease on chrysanthemum. The development of the biopesticide is expected to decrease to utilization of synthetic pesticides.<br /><br />

Septoria adanensis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1967 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Chrysanthemum Indicum ◽  
Water Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Septoria adanensis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Chrysanthemum indicum and cultivated chrysanthemum. DISEASE: Leaf spot of cultivated chrysanthemum. Lesions 4-8 mm wide, purple to brown with a distinct margin. Often the spots become enlarged. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Turkey, Hong Kong, India, and Malaysia. TRANSMISSION: Not known. May be disseminated by water splash as with other Septoria spp. known on Chrysanthemum and by mechanical means as well. The pathogen may overwinter on diseased debris.

Phyllachora sylvatica. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. Cannon
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
South Dakota ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Water Splash ◽  
Tar Spot

Abstract A description is provided for Phyllachora sylvatica. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Dactylis glomerata, Distichlis maritima, D. spicata, D. stricta, Festuca dertonensis, F. dumetorum, F. duriuscula, F. elatior, F. idahoensis, F. megalura, F. occidentalis, F. ovina, F. pampeana, F. pilgeri, F. purpurascens, F. rubra (Gramineae). Records on Pharus, Spartina and Sporobolus (Gramineae) require confirmation. DISEASE: Tar spot of leaves. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Kenya. NORTH AMERICA: USA (California, Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas). SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina (GABEL et al., 1999). AUSTRALASIA: New Zealand. EUROPE: France, Germany, Great Britain (England, Scotland), Italy, Sweden. A record from Venezuela (DENNIS, 1970) requires confirmation. TRANSMISSION: Not studied in detail, but morphological features agree with those of relatives which have been shown to disperse ascospores actively via air currents, possibly with secondary dispersal via water splash.

Septoria socia. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1967 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Chrysanthemum Morifolium ◽  
Rain Splash ◽  
Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum

Abstract A description is provided for Septoria socia. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Chrysanthemum leucanthemum[Leucanthemum vulgare] and by inoculation on Chrysanthemum morifolium, C. maximum, C. parthenium, C. segetum and Achillea ptarmica (Punithalingam & Wheeler, 1965). DISEASE: Leaf spot of ox-eye daisy, C. leucanthemum. Lesions few, conspicuous on the upper side, rarely confluent, necrotic areas, becoming chocolate brown and later darker or even black, with a reddish purple border, 5 mm across. Lesions are confined to the lower leaves of the plant. Severe infection involving the entire leaf surface during moist conditions causes premature death. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Czechoslovakia, Great Britain, Italy, Spain, Pakistan and U.S.S.R. (Literature, Herb. IMI). TRANSMISSION: Not known. It is possible that, like other Septoria spp. on Chrysanthemum this species may be disseminated by rain-splash and by contact.

scholarly journals Potensi Beberapa Fungisida Nabati dalam Mengendalikan Karat Putih (Puccinia horiana Henn.) dan Perbaikan Mutu Krisan

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 385
Author(s):  
Evi Silvia Yusuf ◽  
Waqiah Nuryani ◽  
Ika Djatnika ◽  
Hanudin ◽  
Suhardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Dendranthema Grandiflora ◽  
Rust Disease ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
White Rust ◽  
Puccinia Horiana

<p>Puccinia horiana Henn. merupakan patogen penting penyebab penyakit karat putih yang menimbulkan kerugian signifikan dalam budidaya krisan, baik bunga potong atau tanaman pot. Aplikasi fungisida sintetik yang sering diandalkan oleh petani dan pengusaha tidak hanya memerlukan biaya yang lebih mahal, namun juga berdampak pada kerusakan lingkungan. Oleh karena itu pemanfaatan fungisida nabati yang lebih murah dan ramah terhadap lingkungan dapat menjadi alternatif pemecahannya. Beberapa fungisida nabati seperti Cees EC, Neem-plus, Cekam EC, dan Sitron-E berbahan aktif minyak atsiri cengkih, nimba, kayu manis, serai wangi, dan asam salisilat telah diproduksi dan dikomersialisasikan oleh Balai Penelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat. Aplikasi fungisida tersebut diduga berpengaruh positif dalam menekan penyakit karat putih. Penelitian bertujuan untuk memperoleh informasi keefektifan empat produk fungisida nabati tersebut dalam  mengendalikan penyakit karat putih dan meningkatkan kualitas pertumbuhan  krisan. Penelitian dilakukan di Rumah Plastik di Poncokusumo, Malang, Jawa Timur sejak Bulan Januari hingga Desember 2010. Bahan tanaman yang digunakan ialah Dendranthema grandiflora cv. Swarna Kencana. Perlakuan yang diuji ialah 3 ml/l untuk Cees EC, Neem-plus, Cekam EC, dan Sitron-E, serta 1,5 ml/l Amistartop 35 EC sebagai kontrol positif dan air sebagai kontrol negatif. Percobaan disusun menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok dengan enam perlakuan dan empat ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semua fungisida nabati yang diuji efektif mengendalikan penyakit karat pada krisan. Perlakuan tersebut menurut uji statistik memiliki kemampuan yang sebanding dengan Amistartop. Penurunan intensitas karat putih oleh  perlakuan Cees EC, Neem-plus, Cekam EC, Sitron-E, dan Amistartop berturut-turut  sebesar  49; 37,74; 32,43; 29,78; dan 48,33%.  Aplikasi  Cees EC, Neem-plus, Cekam EC, dan Sitron-E tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap tinggi tanaman, diameter batang, diameter bunga, dan vaselife bunga. Aplikasi hasil penelitian ini dapat memberi manfaat  untuk petani dan pengusaha dalam menurunkan biaya produksi serta meningkatkan pendapatan petani dan pengusaha karena harga keempat biofungisida murah dan tanpa dampak negatif terhadap kelestarian lingkungan.</p><p> </p><p>Controlling white rust disease (Puccinia horiana Henn.) on chrysanthemum with some biofungicides P. horiana Henn. is important pathogen causing white rust disease  that may  lead to a significant lost in chrysanthemum cultivation (both for cut flower and pot plant). Synthetic fungicide commonly applied by farmers are causing not only high production costs, but also endangering the environment.  Confronting to this situation, the use of biofungicide that are considered cheaper and more environmental friendly has become  a relevant and promising alternative. Several biofungicides such as Cees EC, Neem-plus, Cekam EC, and Sitron-E with active ingredient of clove oil, neem, cinnamon, citronella, and salicylic acid have been commersialized by the Indonesian Medical and Spice Crops Research Institute. In this study those  biofungicides were hypothesized to have great potential in control the white rust  disease. The main objective of this study was to obtain information regarding  the efficacy of  four  biofungicides in controlling white rust disease on  chrysanthemum. The  experiment was conducted at Plastichouse in Poncokusumo, Malang, East Java from January to December 2010 by using Dendranthema grandiflora cv. Swarna Kencana as planting materials. The treatments were consisted of 3 ml/l application of Cees EC, Neem-plus, Cekam EC, and Sitron-E 1.5 ml/l application of difenokonazol + azoxistrobin (Amistartop 35 EC) as a positive control  and water as negative control. The experiment was set up  using a randomized block design with six treatments and four replications. The results showed that all tested biofungicides  were quite effective in  controlling white rust disease on chrysanthemum and had similar effectiveness in  reducing  disease intensity compared to  Amistartop. Cees EC, Neem-plus, Cekam EC, Sitron-E, and Amistartop had been able to reduce the white rust disease intensity by 49; 37.74; 32.43; 29.78; and 48.33% respectively. In the meantime, those biofungicides did not show significant effect on plant height, stem diameter, flower diameter, and flower vaselife. The use of biofungicides seems potentially promising to increase farmers income because the price of biofungicides were cheap and maintain environmental sustainability.</p>

scholarly journals Variation for Resistance to White Rust (Puccinia horiana) among Ajania and Chrysanthemum Species

HortScience ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (10) ◽  
pp. 1231-1234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Zeng ◽  
Jing Sun ◽  
Yang Xu ◽  
Fadi Chen ◽  
Jiafu Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rust Resistance ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Resistance Breeding ◽  
The Other ◽  
Causative Pathogen ◽  
Wide Crosses ◽  
Rust Infection ◽  
White Rust ◽  
Chrysanthemum Indicum ◽  
Puccinia Horiana

White rust (causative pathogen Puccinia horiana) is a destructive disease of commercial chrysanthemum crops. A panel of 19 accessions of commercial chrysanthemum near-relatives (four Ajania species, 11 Chrysanthemum species including five accessions of Chrysanthemum indicum) were screened for their reaction to white rust infection in separate greenhouse trials carried out at two independent sites in eastern China, one in 2010 and the other in 2012. The reaction of the accessions to artificial inoculation ranged from immune to highly susceptible. Accessions of Chrysanthemum indicum, C. yoshinaganthum, C. makinoi var. wakasaense, C. nankingense, C. vestitum, C. lavandulifolium, C. crassum, and Ajania tripinnatisecta were immune, and strong resistance was present in C. japonense, C. × shimotomaii, and A. przewalskii. Most of the accessions behaved similarly in the two trials, but two of the C. indicum accessions produced inconsistent results, each being highly resistant in one trial but susceptible in the other. Because wide crosses are relatively easy to achieve in the chrysanthemum complex, these immune and highly resistant accessions represent promising germplasm for white rust resistance breeding.

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