Epidemiology of alveolar echinococcosis in southern Cantal, Auvergne region, France

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-F. Magnaval ◽  
C. Boucher ◽  
B. Morassin ◽  
F. Raoul ◽  
F. Raoul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alveolar Echinococcosis ◽  
Epidemiological Survey ◽  
Human Case ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Elisa Assay ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Human Volunteers ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Positive Results

AbstractAlveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a helminth zoonosis which is encountered only in the northern hemisphere. In central France, the Auvergne region represents the most western and southern extension of this helminthiasis. In 1999, a human case of AE was diagnosed in the southern part of the Cantal department, where AE was supposed absent, and an epidemiological survey was subsequently carried out. The transmission of the zoonosis in the sylvatic and peridomestic definitive hosts was studied, as well as that in the rodent and human intermediate hosts. Eleven red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) were shot, and 50 fox faecal deposits were collected. Twelve farm dogs had their faeces taken by rectal touch, and four were checked after arecoline purgation. Optical detection ofEchinococcus multilocularisworms was achieved on fox intestines after scraping, and also on dog stools after arecoline therapy. Coproantigen ELISA assay was performed for the 11 scraping products, for the 50 fox faeces, and for the 12 dog faecal samples. No adult AE agent was observed by microscopy, and the ELISA assay yielded positive results in one of 11 fox intestines, one of 50 fox faeces, and 2 of 12 dog faecal samples. Twenty-five small mammals were trapped, of which 19 wereArvicola terrestriswater voles. One rodent liver exhibited a hepatic lesion consistent with AE. An epidemiological questionnaire was completed in 85 human volunteers, who were also serologically tested for AE. Only one (the case's husband) exhibited a Western-blotting pattern indicative of a low-grade AE infection. The results of this preliminary study suggested a slow AE extension to the south of Cantal department from the northern focus.

Echinococcus multilocularis in carnivores from the Klatovy district of the Czech Republic

2001 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Martínek ◽  
L. Kolárová ◽  
J. Cervený
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Echinococcus Multilocularis ◽  
Alveolar Echinococcosis ◽  
Meles Meles ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Human Case ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Faecal Samples

A unique human case of alveolar echinococcosis was described in 1979 from the Klatovy district of the Czech Republic. However, there were no previous epidemiological studies in this area focusing on detection of the source of infection –Echinococcus multilocularisadults producing eggs. During the period June 1997 to April 1999, 29 out of a total of 46 (63.3%) red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in the Klatovy district and one of four foxes (25.0%) in the Pilsen South district were found to be infected with adult worms ofE. multilocularis. NoE. multilocularisadults were found in other animals from the Klatovy district (i.e. three specimens ofMartes martes, twoMartes foina, oneMustela erminea, twoMeles melesand oneFelis catusf.domestica). An examination of faecal samples from 55 dogs (Canis familiaris) from the Klatovy district resulted in the detection ofE. multilocularisDNA in one (1.8%) sample. The present results support the possibility that human alveolar echinococcosis previously described in the Czech Republic had the character of an autochthonous infection. There are also indications of a potential risk of infection to humans.

Detection of Echinococcus multilocularis in faeces by nested PCR with the use of diluted DNA samples

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Karamon
Keyword(s):  
Echinococcus Multilocularis ◽  
Nested Pcr ◽  
Dna Isolation ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Standard Samples ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
False Negative Results ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Positive Results

AbstractThe aim of this study was to choose the optimal variant of PCR examination of faeces to detect Echinococcus multilocularis infection which would allow to reduce the influence of different inhibitors in faeces. The investigation was carried out by comparison of 3 different methods of DNA isolation from faeces and different DNA dilutions used in PCR. Thirty five intestines of red foxes were used. Small intestines were examined by the sedimentation and counting technique (SCT). Faeces were collected from the rectum for PCR and flotation. DNA were isolated with the use of 3 different methods. Two methods were dedicated for faeces: method 1 (M1) - for larger samples and method 2 (M2) - for standard samples. The third method, method 3 (M3), was not dedicated for faeces. DNA samples were tested by nested PCR in 6 variants: not diluted (1/1) and 5 diluted (1/2.5, 1/5, 1/10. 1/20, 1/40). E. multilocularis was found by SCT in 18 from 35 (51.4%) intestines. Taenia-type eggs were detected only in 20.0% of faecal samples. In PCR the highest number of positive results (45.7%) were obtained during examination of DNA isolated by M1 method, and then 40.0% and 34.3%, respectively, for M2 and M3. In some samples positive results in PCR were obtained only in diluted DNA. For example, 8 from 12 positive samples isolated by M3 method gave the PCR negative results in non-diluted DNA and positive only after dilution 1:2.5, 1:10 or 1:20. Also 3 samples isolated by methods dedicated for stool gave positive results only after DNA dilution. The investigation has revealed that in copro-PCR for detection of E. multilocularis infection additional using of diluted DNA (besides non diluted) can avoid false negative results causing by PCR inhibition. In the best method of DNA isolation (M1), the use of non diluted DNA sample together with diluted in proportion 1:10 seems to be optimal.

scholarly journals An experimental field approach to parasitism and immune defence in voles

Parasitology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. SCHWARZENBACH ◽  
D. HEGGLIN ◽  
C. STIEGER ◽  
P. DEPLAZES ◽  
P. I. WARD
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Immune Defence ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Field Approach ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
In The Wild

The fox tapewormEchinococcus multilocularisis typically perpetuated in a cycle with red foxes as definitive hosts and various rodent species as intermediate hosts. In this study, foxes were baited with a highly efficient drug against cestodes (praziquantel) in 5 blocks of 1 km2. Voles,Arvicola terrestris, the most abundant intermediate host species, were trapped in the 5 baited blocks and in 5 non-baited control blocks. Baiting the foxes reduced the prevalence ofE. multilocularisin fox faecal samples in the baited blocks, but voles trapped in the two blocks did not differ in their infection rates. However, voles from the baited blocks had significantly smaller spleen masses and were more likely to be infested with mites than those from the control blocks, possibly reflecting different immunological activities. Our study suggests that the environmental contamination withE. multiloculariseggs, and perhaps those of other tapeworms, influences the immune system of the intermediate host speciesA. terrestrisin the wild.

Occurrence of Echinococcus multilocularis in red foxes from the Carpathian regions of Slovakia and Poland

2006 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarína Reiterová ◽  
Ewa Dziemian ◽  
Martina Miterpáková ◽  
Daniela Antolová ◽  
Marta Kołodziej-Sobocińska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Echinococcus Multilocularis ◽  
Vulpes Vulpes ◽  
Worm Burden ◽  
Alveolar Echinococcosis ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Border Regions ◽  
Faecal Samples

AbstractThe extensive distribution of Echinococcus multilocularis cestode from endemic alpine areas to the parts of Central Europe has been recorded in recent years. The first confirmed finding of E. multilocularis in Slovakia was recorded in 1999 in the area adjacent to the Polish border. At present, this serious zoonosis occurs almost across the whole territory of Slovakia. The occurrence of these tapeworms in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) at the border regions of Slovakia and Poland has been monitored. In these districts, out of 152 faecal samples examined, 36.2% were positive for the coproantigen-ELISA. With the sedimentation and counting technique the prevalence of E. multilocularis in red foxes was up to 38.8%. The examination of foxes from neighbouring districts revealed worm burden ranging from 1–15,000 specimens, but the majority of animals harboured medium number of tapeworms. In the Small Carpathian and Sub-Carpathian regions of Poland, out of 65 samples examined, 13.8% were coproantigen positive. Using the small intestine scraping method only 6.1% prevalence of E. multilocularis in red foxes was determined, mostly with a high worm burdens over 1,000 specimens. The results suggest possible transborder transmission of E. multilocularis, the causative agent of serious alveolar echinococcosis.

scholarly journals Fox tapeworm (Echinococcus multilocularis) in Slovakia — summarizing the long-term monitoring

2011 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Miterpáková ◽  
P. Dubinský
Keyword(s):  
Echinococcus Multilocularis ◽  
Worm Burden ◽  
Alveolar Echinococcosis ◽  
Epidemiological Survey ◽  
Counting Method ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Northern Regions ◽  
Long Term Monitoring ◽  
Term Monitoring

AbstractDetailed epidemiological survey on distribution of fox tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis was carried out in the territory of Slovakia between 2000 and 2010. A total of 4 761 red foxes from all districts of Slovakia were investigated using modified sedimentation and counting method. E. multilocularis was found in small intestines of 1 441 animals that represent an overall prevalence of 30.3 %. The number of tapeworms found in individual foxes varied between 1 and 245 000 specimens with mean worm burden of 1 777. The results of decennial epizootological research confirmed the existence of highly endemic localities with E. multilocularis occurrence in northern regions of Slovakia. Till today, 16 human cases of alveolar echinococcosis were registered whereas 14 of them were diagnosed in patients living in endemic localities.

scholarly journals Past and present of cystic echinococcosis in Bolivia

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. e0009426
Author(s):  
Viterman Ali ◽  
Eddy Martinez ◽  
Pamela Duran ◽  
Erick Villena ◽  
Peter Deplazes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Echinococcus Granulosus ◽  
Cystic Echinococcosis ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Human Case ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Ultrasound Screening ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
La Paz ◽  
Faecal Samples

Viable eggs of the canine intestinal tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) infect various intermediate hosts causing cystic echinococcosis (CE). Furthermore, CE represents a serious zoonosis causing a significant global burden of disease. CE is highly endemic in South America, including Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay, and Peru. For Bolivia, no official data concerning the incidence in humans or the number of livestock and dogs infected are available. However, it is well known that CE occurs in Bolivia. We aim here to fill the gap in the current knowledge of the epidemiological situation of CE in Bolivia, providing a historical overview of documents published within the country, which have never been comprehensively reviewed. The very first documentation of E. granulosus infection in animals dates in 1910, while the first human case was reported in 1913. In total, 876 human CE cases have been reported in the scientific literature, with an apparent increase since the 1970s. In the absence of other epidemiological studies, the highest prevalence in human comes from Tupiza, Potosí Department, where 4.1% (51/1,268) of the population showed signs of CE at mass ultrasound screening in 2011. In the same report, 24% of dog faecal samples were positive for coproantigens of E. granulosus s.l. in ELISA. The highest prevalence in intermediate hosts reported at abattoir reached 37.5% in cattle from Potosí, followed by 26.9% in llamas from Oruro, 2.4% in pigs and 1.4% in sheep from La Paz. Finally, Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.), Echinococcus ortleppi (G5), and Echinococcus intermedius (G7) have been identified in Bolivia. Data reviewed here confirm that E. granulosus s.l. is circulating in Bolivia and that a proper prospective nationwide epidemiological study of CE is urgently needed to define transmission patterns as a basis for the planning and implementation of future control measurements.

Dynamic Scintigraphy of the Oesophagus in the Evaluation of Reflux Oesophagitis

1990 ◽  
Vol 29 (05) ◽  
pp. 204-209
Author(s):  
B. Ugarković ◽  
D. Ivančević ◽  
D. Babić ◽  
Ž. Babić
Keyword(s):  
Reflux Oesophagitis ◽  
Oesophageal Reflux ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Time Activity ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Asymptomatic Subjects ◽  
Oesophageal Transit ◽  
Dynamic Scintigraphy ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Reflux Œsophagitis

A method is presented which combines gastro-oesophageal reflux quantification and oesophageal transit measurement so as to differentiate true reflux from residual oesophageal activity. A group of 33 subjects with gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms and endoscopically confirmed reflux oesophagitis and a group of 21 asymptomatic subjects with normal oesophageal, gastric and duodenal endoscopic findings were examined. The subjects were given 37 MBq 99mTc-Sn-colloid in saline orally and then scintiscanned dynamically. The gastro-oesophageal quantification was done after transit measurement and after the oesophageal time activity (to detect residual oesophageal activity) reached its minimum. The difference in the reflux indices between the two groups was highly significant. In low-grade oesophagitis measured reflux was lower than in higher grades of disease. Only 4.7% false-positive results were observed with a specificity of 95%, indicating that this method may be superior to methods published earlier.

scholarly journals Infectivity of gastropod-shed third-stage larvae of Angiostrongylus vasorum and Crenosoma vulpis to dogs

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
William Robbins ◽  
Gary Conboy ◽  
Spencer Greenwood ◽  
Roland Schaper
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Angiostrongylus Vasorum ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Romaine Lettuce ◽  
Crenosoma Vulpis ◽  
Artificial Digestion ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Limax Maximus

Abstract Background Metastrongyloid parasites Angiostrongylus vasorum and Crenosoma vulpis infect wild and domestic canids and are important pathogens in dogs. Recent studies indicate that gastropod intermediate hosts infected with various metastrongyloids spontaneously shed infective third-stage larvae (L3) into the environment via feces and mucus under laboratory conditions. Shed L3 retain motility up to 120 days, but whether they retain infectivity was unknown. Methods To assess the infectivity of shed L3, the heart/lungs of six red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) were obtained from trappers in Newfoundland, Canada. Lungs were examined for first-stage larvae (L1) by the Baermann technique. A high number of viable A. vasorum L1 and a low number of C. vulpis L1 were recovered from one fox; these were used to infect naïve laboratory-raised Limax maximus. L3 recovered from slugs by artificial digestion were fed to two naïve purpose-bred research beagles (100 L3/dog). L1 shed by these two dogs was used to infect 546 L. maximus (2000–10,000 L1/slug). L3 shedding was induced by anesthetizing slugs in soda water and transferring them into warm (45 °C) tap water for at least 8 h. Shed L3 recovered from slugs were aliquoted on romaine lettuce in six-well tissue culture plates (80–500 L3/well) and stored at 16 °C/75% relative humidity. Four naïve research beagles were then exposed to 100 L3/dog from larvae stored for 0, 2, 4, or 8 weeks, respectively, after shedding. Results All four dogs began shedding C. vulpis L1 by 26–36 days post-infection (PI). All four dogs began shedding A. vasorum L1 by 50 days PI. Conclusions L3 infectivity for the definitive host was retained in both metastrongyloids, indicating the potential for natural infection in dogs through exposure from environmental contamination. As an additional exposure route, eating or licking plant or other material(s) contaminated with metastrongyloid L3 could dramatically increase the number of dogs at risk of infection from these parasites. Graphic Abstract

scholarly journals Molecular survey of Besnoitia spp. (Apicomplexa) in faeces from European wild mesocarnivores in Spain. Short running title: Molecular survey of Besnoitia spp in faeces from wild carnivores.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David González-Barrio ◽  
Pamela C. Köster ◽  
Miguel Habela ◽  
Manuel Martín-Pérez ◽  
José Fernández-García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Definitive Host ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Besnoitia Besnoiti ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Wild Carnivores ◽  
Molecular Survey ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Bovine Besnoitiosis ◽  
Western Spain ◽  
Free Ranging

Numerous studies have unsuccessfully tried to unravel the definitive host of the coccidian parasite Besnoitia besnoiti. Cattle infections by B. besnoiti cause a chronic and debilitating condition called bovine besnoitiosis that has emerged in Europe during the last two decades, mainly due to limitations in its control associated to the absence of vaccines and therapeutical tools. Although the exact transmission pathway of B. besnoiti is currently unknown, it is assumed that the parasite might have an indirect life cycle with a carnivore as definitive host. Current lack of studies in wildlife might underestimate the importance of free-living species in the epidemiology of B. besnoiti. Thus, the aim of the present study is to assess the presence of Besnoitia spp. in free-ranging mesocarnivores in Spain. DNA was searched by PCR on faeces collected from wild carnivores as a first approach to determine which species could be considered as potential definitive host candidates in further research. For this purpose, a total of 352 faecal samples from 12 free-living wild carnivore species belonging to the Canidae, Felidae, Herpestidae, Mustelidae, Procyonidae, and Viverridae families were collected in seven Spanish regions. PCR testing showed that Besnoitia spp. DNA was present in four faecal samples from red foxes collected in western Spain, an area with the greatest density of extensively reared cattle and associated to high incidence of bovine besnoitiosis in the country. To date, this is the first report of a Besnoitia besnoiti-like sequence (99.57% homology) from carnivore faeces in a worldwide context. Red foxes might contribute to the epidemiology of B. besnoiti, although further studies, mostly based on bioassay, would be needed to elucidate the accuracy and extent of these interesting findings.

scholarly journals Gynecologic Serous Carcinoma: An Immunohistochemical Analysis of Malignant Body Fluid Specimens

2018 ◽  
Vol 143 (6) ◽  
pp. 677-682
Author(s):  
Shuyue Ren ◽  
William Klump
Keyword(s):  
Body Fluid ◽  
Germ Cell Tumors ◽  
Immunohistochemical Analysis ◽  
Serous Carcinoma ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Gynecologic Malignancy ◽  
Immunohistochemical Markers ◽  
Immunohistochemical Studies ◽  
Positive Results

Context.— Evaluation of fluid specimens involved by serous carcinoma might potentially include PAX8, GATA3, Uroplakin II, SOX2, and SALL4 antibodies. Those markers are commonly employed for diagnosing carcinomas of various types, including urothelial malignancies and germ cell tumors. There have been no comprehensive immunohistochemical studies, to our knowledge, for those markers on fluid specimens involved by serous carcinoma. Objective.— To evaluate immunohistochemical markers PAX8, GATA3, SOX2, uroplakin II, and SALL4 in the diagnosis of high-grade serous carcinoma in fluid specimens. Design.— We examined 113 fluids (96 ascites specimens and 17 pleural fluid specimens) that were positive for carcinoma. Most (94 cases; 83.2%) consisted of high-grade serous carcinoma of Müllerian origin. Nineteen cases of non–high-grade serous carcinoma (including one case of low-grade serous carcinoma) of gynecologic origin were also included as anecdotal data. Results.— In 113 fluid specimens with positive results for carcinoma, including nonserous types, 99 (87.6%) had positive results for PAX8, 19 (16.8%) for GATA3; 19 (16.8%) for SOX2, 23 (20.4%) for uroplakin II, and 8 (7.1%) for SALL4. Of 94 fluids (83.2%) involved with high-grade serous carcinoma, 84 (89.4%) had positive results for PAX8, 18 (19.1%) for GATA3, 17 (18.1%) for SOX2, 22 (23.4%) for uroplakin II, and 8 (8.5%) for SALL4. Some of these specimens showed reactivity for more than one immunohistochemical marker. Conclusions.— Most fluids involving high-grade serous carcinoma showed positive results for PAX8, and some cases expressed GATA3, SOX2, uroplakin II, and SALL4. Serous carcinoma in fluids may be positive for immunohistochemical markers not thought of traditionally as associated with gynecologic malignancy, an important consideration in avoiding misdiagnosis.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document