scholarly journals Human eating behaviour in an evolutionary ecological context

2002 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 517-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley J. Ulijaszek
Keyword(s):  
Food Availability ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Homo Erectus ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Foraging Strategies ◽  
Economic Transformations ◽  
Feeding Adaptations

Present-day human eating behaviour in industrialised society is characterised by the consumption of high-energy-density diets and often unstructured feeding patterns, largely uncoupled from seasonal cycles of food availability. Broadly similar patterns of feeding are found among advantaged groups in economically-emerging and developing nations. Such patterns of feeding are consistent with the evolutionary ecological understanding of feeding behaviour of hominids ancestral to humans, in that human feeding adaptations are likely to have arisen in the context of resource seasonality in which diet choice for energy-dense and palatable foods would have been selected by way of foraging strategies for the maximisation of energy intake. One hallmark trait of human feeding behaviour, complex control of food availability, emerged with Homo erectus (19 × 106-200 000 years ago), who carried out this process by either increased meat eating or by cooking, or both. Another key trait of human eating behaviour is the symbolic use of food, which emerged with modernHomo sapiens(100 000 years ago to the present) between 25 000 and 12 000 years ago. From this and subsequent social and economic transformations, including the origins of agriculture, humans have come to use food in increasingly elaborate symbolic ways, such that human eating has become increasingly structured socially and culturally in many different ways.

The effect of consumption of foods that differ in energy density and/or sodium bicarbonate supplementation on subsequent diet selection in sheep

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 ◽  
pp. 114-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. James ◽  
I. Kyriazakis
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Diet Selection ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Subsequent Intake

Consumption of a highly fermentable, high energy density (ED) food by ruminants results in changes within the rumen environment including a fall in pH. It has been shown that such changes can influence subsequent intake and diet selection in sheep as they attempt to correct these changes through their feeding behaviour (Cooper et al, 1995). The addition of a buffer eg NaHCO3 to a previously consumed high ED food or offering the sheep a low ED food would assist in preventing changes in the rumen environment hence the ruminant would not need to modify it’s diet selection in an attempt to correct these changes. The objectives were to determine (i) whether or not sheep would make a continuous non random selection between 2 foods of different ED (Test 1), (ii) to determine what concentration of NaHCO3 should be added to a food to obtain the most beneficial effects on rumen pH combined with intake (Test 2), and finally (iii) the main objective was to determine what consequences the ED of a food and the supplementation of NaHCO3 to a food offered for a short period of time had on subsequent diet selection made by sheep (Test 3).

Childhood obesity and eating behaviour

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (5-6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana María Obregón ◽  
Paulina P. Pettinelli ◽  
Jose Luis Santos
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Recent Decade ◽  
Paediatric Population ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Eating Rate ◽  
Physiological Variables

AbstractThe prevalence of childhood obesity has increased substantially in the recent decade as a result of the reduction in physical activity and the availability of high-fat and high-energy-density foods which the paediatric population faces daily. Although children are highly exposed to these foods, there is a wide variation in body weight, suggesting the presence of different patterns of response to an “obesogenic” environment. This wide variability from the point of view of eating behaviour involves a number of social issues (e.g., food availability, cost) as well as genuine behavioural traits such as the response to satiety, energy compensation, eating rate, responsiveness to food, food reward and dietary preferences. This article reviews the main physiological variables related to energy intake affecting eating behaviour in the paediatric population.

The impact of stopping high-energy oral nutritional supplements on eating behaviour and weight gain

2015 ◽  
Vol 100 (11) ◽  
pp. 1024-1027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte M Wright ◽  
Anna Chillingworth
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Tube Feeding ◽  
Nutritional Supplements ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Oral Nutritional Supplements ◽  
Energy Compensation ◽  
Weight Faltering ◽  
The Impact

Background and aimsMany children referred to a tertiary feeding clinic are already taking high-energy oral nutritional supplements (HEOS), but these often seem not clinically useful. We undertook a retrospective review of all children on HEOS at the time of referral to the clinic in order to describe their subsequent progress in terms of growth and feeding behaviour.ResultsA total of 48 children were on HEOS at referral and withdrawal of HEOS was attempted in 38 children, aged median 3.0 years (range 0.7–10 years) who were taking volumes equivalent to 2/3 of total daily energy requirements. The children tended to be very short and slim (median height SD score (SDS) −2.0 (range −5.7 to 1.9); body mass index −2.0 (−5.1 to 1.9)). Half had normal neurodevelopment (ND) but 4 (11%) had learning disability and 4 (11%) severe ND problems. By last follow-up after 0.86 (0–2.9) years, 30 (79%) had stopped all feeds. Those who stopped had a mean (SD) change in weight of 0.08 (0.6) SDS (range −0.88 to +1.59). Five children (17%) showed significant catch-up weight gain after stopping feeds, of whom three had been referred for weight faltering and possible tube feeding. Improvement in feeding behaviour was documented in 76% (29).ConclusionsThe use of HEOS in children suppresses appetite for solid food due to energy compensation. In some cases, HEOS may perpetuate or even cause weight faltering. It should not be assumed that failure to respond to HEOS is an indication for tube feeding.

Pilot-scale combustion studies with kraft lignin in a powder burner and a CFB boiler

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 24-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
NIKLAS BERGLIN ◽  
PER TOMANI ◽  
HASSAN SALMAN ◽  
SOLVIE HERSTAD SVÄRD ◽  
LARS-ERIK ÅMAND
Keyword(s):  
Circulating Fluidized Bed ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Kraft Lignin ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Alkali Chloride ◽  
Cfb Boiler ◽  
Solid Biofuel

Processes have been developed to produce a solid biofuel with high energy density and low ash content from kraft lignin precipitated from black liquor. Pilot-scale tests of the lignin biofuel were carried out with a 150 kW powder burner and a 12 MW circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler. Lignin powder could be fired in a powder burner with good combustion performance after some trimming of the air flows to reduce swirl. Lignin dried to 10% moisture content was easy to feed smoothly and had less bridging tendencies in the feeding system than did wood/bark powder. In the CFB boiler, lignin was easily handled and cofired together with bark. Although the filter cake was broken into smaller pieces and fines, the combustion was not disturbed. When cofiring lignin with bark, the sulfur emission increased compared with bark firing only, but most of the sulfur was captured by calcium in the bark ash. Conventional sulfur capture also occurred with addition of limestone to the bed. The sulfur content in the lignin had a significantly positive effect on reducing the alkali chloride content in the deposits, thus reducing the high temperature corrosion risk.

Evaluation of High Energy Density Plasma in Counter-facing Plasma Focus Device driven by Laser Triggered Pulse Power System

2017 ◽  
Vol 137 (10) ◽  
pp. 564-569
Author(s):  
Tatsuya Sodekoda ◽  
Hajime Kuwabara ◽  
Shotaro Kittaka ◽  
Kazuhiko Horioka
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Power System ◽  
Plasma Focus ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Pulse Power ◽  
Plasma Focus Device ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Density Plasma

A HIGH ENERGY DENSITY ZINC/OXYGEN BATTERY SYSTEM

1966 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. CHODOSH ◽  
E. KATSOULIS ◽  
M. ROSANSKY
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Battery System

Efficient Co-Harvesting of Solar Energy and Low-Grade Heat by Molecular Photoswitches for High Energy Density, Long-Term Stable Solar Thermal Battery

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhao-Yang Zhang ◽  
Tao LI
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Solar Thermal ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Thermal Battery ◽  
Low Grade Heat

Solar energy and ambient heat are two inexhaustible energy sources for addressing the global challenge of energy and sustainability. Solar thermal battery based on molecular switches that can store solar energy and release it as heat has recently attracted great interest, but its development is severely limited by both low energy density and short storage stability. On the other hand, the efficient recovery and upgrading of low-grade heat, especially that of the ambient heat, has been a great challenge. Here we report that solar energy and ambient heat can be simultaneously harvested and stored, which is enabled by room-temperature photochemical crystal-to-liquid transitions of small-molecule photoswitches. The two forms of energy are released together to produce high-temperature heat during the reverse photochemical phase change. This strategy, combined with molecular design, provides high energy density of 320-370 J/g and long-term storage stability (half-life of about 3 months). On this basis, we fabricate high-performance, flexible film devices of solar thermal battery, which can be readily recharged at room temperature with good cycling ability, show fast rate of heat release, and produce high-temperature heat that is >20<sup> o</sup>C higher than the ambient temperature. Our work opens up a new avenue to harvest ambient heat, and demonstrate a feasible strategy to develop high-performance solar thermal battery.

Efficient Co-Harvesting of Solar Energy and Low-Grade Heat by Molecular Photoswitches for High Energy Density, Long-Term Stable Solar Thermal Battery

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhao-Yang Zhang ◽  
Tao LI
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Solar Thermal ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Thermal Battery ◽  
Low Grade Heat

Solar energy and ambient heat are two inexhaustible energy sources for addressing the global challenge of energy and sustainability. Solar thermal battery based on molecular switches that can store solar energy and release it as heat has recently attracted great interest, but its development is severely limited by both low energy density and short storage stability. On the other hand, the efficient recovery and upgrading of low-grade heat, especially that of the ambient heat, has been a great challenge. Here we report that solar energy and ambient heat can be simultaneously harvested and stored, which is enabled by room-temperature photochemical crystal-to-liquid transitions of small-molecule photoswitches. The two forms of energy are released together to produce high-temperature heat during the reverse photochemical phase change. This strategy, combined with molecular design, provides high energy density of 320-370 J/g and long-term storage stability (half-life of about 3 months). On this basis, we fabricate high-performance, flexible film devices of solar thermal battery, which can be readily recharged at room temperature with good cycling ability, show fast rate of heat release, and produce high-temperature heat that is >20<sup> o</sup>C higher than the ambient temperature. Our work opens up a new avenue to harvest ambient heat, and demonstrate a feasible strategy to develop high-performance solar thermal battery.

Potassium Pre-Inserted K1.04Mn8O16 Cathode Materials for Aqueous Li-Ion and Na-Ion Hybrid Capacitors

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yamin Zhang ◽  
Lina Chen ◽  
Chongyang Hao ◽  
Xiaowen Zheng ◽  
Yixuan Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cycling Performance ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Potassium Ions ◽  
Tunnel Structure ◽  
Hybrid Supercapacitor ◽  
Hybrid Supercapacitors ◽  
Li Ion ◽  
Power Densities ◽  
Hybrid Capacitors

For the applications of aqueous Li-ion hybrid capacitors and Na-ion hybrid capacitors, potassium ions are pre-inserted into MnO<sub>2</sub> tunnel structure, the as-prepared K<sub>1.04</sub>Mn<sub>8</sub>O<sub>16</sub> materials consist of <a>nanoparticles</a> and nanorods were prepared by facile high-temperature solid-state reaction. <a></a>The as-prepared materials were well studied andthey show outstanding electrochemical behavior. We assembled hybrid supercapacitors with commercial activated carbon (YEC-8A) as anode and K<sub>1.04</sub>Mn<sub>8</sub>O<sub>16 </sub>as cathode. It has high energy densities and power densities. Li-ion capacitors reach a high energy density of 127.61 Wh kg<sup>-1 </sup>at the power density of 99.86 W kg<sup>-1</sup> and Na-ion capacitor obtains 170.96 Wh kg<sup>-1 </sup>at 133.79 W kg<sup>-1</sup>. In addition, the <a>hybrid supercapacitor</a>s demonstrate excellent cycling performance which maintain 97 % capacitance retention for Li-ion capacitor and 85 % for Na-ion capacitor after 10,000 cycles.

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