Abstract
Background
Several cultivated areas are irrigated with low-quality waters from the drainage system due to the shortage of suitable source of water for agricultural activities. Most of these drainage waters are contaminated with heavy metals which are concentrated in surface layer of the soil and translocated to plant and food chains. The region of Sahl El Husseiniya, Alsharqia government, is mainly irrigated with wastewater of Bahr El-Baqar drain.
Objective
Two types of hyperaccumulator plants represented by kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) and flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) were cultivated successively in the study area. Humic acid and gibberellin were used in this experiment as foliar sprayings to enhance the plant ability to absorb heavy metal ions from the soil. In addition, three soil additives represented by sulfur, vermiculite, and compost were also applied.
Results
Sulfur was the soil additive of the most pronounced effect on the uptake of Cr, Co, Cd, and Mn by the hyperaccumulator plants, while humic acid was of more favorable effect as a foliar treatment on Co and Cr uptake by flax and Cd and Mn uptake by kenaf. However, the foliar application of gibberellin enhanced plant growth and was of the best effect on both Co and Cr uptake by kenaf-cultivated soils and both Cd and Mn in flax-cultivated soils. In general, heavy metals were more concentrated in roots than in shoots. Comparing the efficiency of the two crops in cleaning soils, results implied that kenaf was of more favorable effect on the removal of Cr, Co, and Cd, while flax was of higher superiority in the removal of Mn. The efficiency of kenaf on removal of the studied metal ions followed the descending order of Cr > Co > Mn > Cd where their removal percentage values reached 50.71, 38.27, 33.98, and 14.43%, respectively. Flax phytoremediation efficiency followed the descending order of Mn > Cr > Co > Cd, where their removal percentage values reached 54.36, 36.95, 28.72, and 11.37%, respectively. Double season phytoremediation efficiency followed the order of Cr ≥ Mn > Co > Cd achieving 66.87, 65.63, 54.66, and 23.40%, respectively.
Investigations on the mechanism, kinetics and isotherms of ammonium and humic acid co-adsorption at low temperature by 4A-molecular sieves modified from attapulgite