Carbon Sequestration in Kiwifruit Orchard Soils at Depth to Mitigate Carbon Emissions

Abstract The impact of carbon–nitrogen dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems on the interaction between the carbon cycle and climate is studied using an earth system model of intermediate complexity, the MIT Integrated Global Systems Model (IGSM). Numerical simulations were carried out with two versions of the IGSM’s Terrestrial Ecosystems Model, one with and one without carbon–nitrogen dynamics. Simulations show that consideration of carbon–nitrogen interactions not only limits the effect of CO2 fertilization but also changes the sign of the feedback between the climate and terrestrial carbon cycle. In the absence of carbon–nitrogen interactions, surface warming significantly reduces carbon sequestration in both vegetation and soil by increasing respiration and decomposition (a positive feedback). If plant carbon uptake, however, is assumed to be nitrogen limited, an increase in decomposition leads to an increase in nitrogen availability stimulating plant growth. The resulting increase in carbon uptake by vegetation exceeds carbon loss from the soil, leading to enhanced carbon sequestration (a negative feedback). Under very strong surface warming, however, terrestrial ecosystems become a carbon source whether or not carbon–nitrogen interactions are considered. Overall, for small or moderate increases in surface temperatures, consideration of carbon–nitrogen interactions result in a larger increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration in the simulations with prescribed carbon emissions. This suggests that models that ignore terrestrial carbon–nitrogen dynamics will underestimate reductions in carbon emissions required to achieve atmospheric CO2 stabilization at a given level. At the same time, compensation between climate-related changes in the terrestrial and oceanic carbon uptakes significantly reduces uncertainty in projected CO2 concentration.

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ASSESSING THE WELFARE EFFECTS OF PROMOTING BIOMASS GROWTH AND THE USE OF BIOENERGY

Climate Change Economics ◽

10.1142/s2010007813500036 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 04 (01) ◽

pp. 1350003 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

TOMMY LUNDGREN ◽

PER-OLOV MARKLUND

Keyword(s):

Carbon Sequestration ◽

Carbon Emissions ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Welfare Effects ◽

Biomass Growth ◽

Costs And Benefits ◽

Carbon Neutrality ◽

Balanced Measure ◽

Positive Climate

Using a growth model that accounts for environmental and climate externalities, we take a closer look at the welfare effects of promoting biomass growth and the use of bioenergy, and especially the role of carbon neutrality. As an illustration, a hypothetical intensive forest cultivation project is simulated. Costs and benefits of the project show that only determining the postive effects of promoting biomass growth and the use of bioenergy, such as substitution away from fossil fuels and carbon sequestration is not sufficient. But more importantly, to achieve a balanced measure of the effects on the climate, we must also incorporate all carbon emissions that are associated with bioenergy. Not doing so will over-estimate the positive climate effects of increasing the use of bioenergy.

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Carbon Footprint Analysis of Bamboo Scrimber Flooring—Implications for Carbon Sequestration of Bamboo Forests and Its Products

Forests ◽

10.3390/f10010051 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 51 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Lei Gu ◽

Yufeng Zhou ◽

Tingting Mei ◽

Guomo Zhou ◽

Lin Xu

Keyword(s):

Carbon Sequestration ◽

Carbon Cycling ◽

Carbon Footprint ◽

Carbon Emissions ◽

Carbon Emission ◽

Carbon Stocks ◽

Bamboo Forest ◽

Carbon Footprints ◽

Production Processes ◽

Bamboo Scrimber

Bamboo forest is characterized by large carbon sequestration capability and it plays an important role in mitigating climate change and global carbon cycling. Previous studies have mostly focused on carbon cycling and carbon stocks in bamboo forest ecosystems, whereas the carbon footprints of bamboo products have not received attention. China is the largest exporting country of bamboo flooring in the world. Estimating the carbon footprint of bamboo flooring is of essential importance for the involved enterprises and consumers to evaluate their own carbon footprints. In this study, we investigated the production processes of bamboo scrimber flooring for outdoor use, a typical bamboo flooring in China. Based on business-to-business (B2B) evaluation method, we assessed CO2 emission and carbon transfer ratio in each step of the production process, including transporting bamboo culms and producing and packing the products. We found that to produce 1 m3 of bamboo scrimber flooring, direct carbon emissions from fossil fuels during transporting raw materials/semi-finished products, from power consumptions during production, and indirect emissions from applying additives were 30.94 kg CO2 eq, 143.37 kg CO2 eq, and 78.34 kg CO2 eq, respectively. After subtracting the 267.54 kg CO2 eq carbon stocks in the product from the 252.65 kg CO2 eq carbon emissions derived within the defined boundary, we found that the carbon footprint of 1 m3 bamboo scrimber flooring was −14.89 kg CO2 eq. Our results indicated that the bamboo scrimber flooring is a negative carbon-emission product. Finally, we discussed factors that influence the carbon footprint of the bamboo flooring and gave suggestions on carbon emission reduction during production processes. This study provided a scientific basis for estimating carbon stocks and carbon footprints of bamboo products and further expanded knowledge on carbon cycling and lifespan of carbon in the bamboo forest ecosystem.

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Costs and Carbon Sequestration Assessment for REDD+ in Indonesia

Forests ◽

10.3390/f11070770 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 770

Author(s):

Guifang Liu ◽

Qing Liu ◽

Mengxiao Song ◽

Junsheng Chen ◽

Chuanrong Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Carbon Sequestration ◽

Carbon Emissions ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Forest Degradation ◽

Opportunity Costs ◽

Forest Conversion ◽

Tropical Regions ◽

Sensitivity Assessment ◽

Gain Loss

Research Highlights: Our findings highlight that the contribution of carbon sequestration from plantations to REDD+ will remain limited, and that opportunity costs in Southeast Asia will likely increase, due to future oil palm expansion. Background and Objectives: Land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF) are significant sources of carbon emissions. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) agreed that the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation Plus program, also known as REDD+, could contribute to carbon sinks in tropical regions. These reductions could serve as carbon credits that offset emissions from other sources. Materials and Methods: This study uses the cellular automaton technique to simulate the business-as-usual (BAU) scenario and the gain-loss method, to measure carbon emissions resulting from forest conversion. The output of the integration of the models makes it possible to evaluate one of the most important financial costs: opportunity costs. Two scenarios (with and without consideration of carbon sequestration) in rubber and oil palm plantations are examined. Results: A sensitivity assessment in Kalimantan, Indonesia, shows that carbon sequestration from plantations affects value of opportunity costs less than social discount rates. Further analysis suggests that oil palm plantations have a greater impact than rubber plantations. Conclusions: Our study provides a case that can be applied to other regions for evaluating the impacts of plantation carbon sequestration, and insights that can help local policymakers design a financially attractive REDD+ program in other forest areas of the world.

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Which rotation length is favourable to carbon sequestration?

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x01-140 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 31 (11) ◽

pp. 2004-2013 ◽

Cited By ~ 166

Author(s):

Jari Liski ◽

Ari Pussinen ◽

Kim Pingoud ◽

Raisa Mäkipää ◽

Timo Karjalainen

Keyword(s):

Carbon Sequestration ◽

Carbon Emissions ◽

Tree Species ◽

Carbon Stock ◽

Wood Products ◽

Energy Budgets ◽

Wood Production ◽

Annual Increment ◽

Rotation Length ◽

Fossil Carbon

Regulating the rotation length of tree stands is an effective way to manage the carbon budget of forests. We analyzed, using models, how a 30-year change in rotation length from the recommended 90 years would change the carbon and energy budgets of typical wood-production and wood-use chains in Finland. Shortening the rotation length towards the culmination age of mean annual increment decreased the carbon stock of trees but increased the carbon stock of soil, because the production of litter and harvest residues increased. Changes in the carbon stock of wood products varied with tree species depending on volumes and timber sorts harvested, manufacturing processes and products manufactured. The Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) chain stored the largest total amount of carbon when applying the longest rotation length and the Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) chain, when applying the shortest rotation length. Fossil carbon emissions and energy use in harvesting and manufacture increased when the rotation length was shortened and pulpwood harvests increased, especially in the spruce chain. We concluded that longer rotation length at the sites of both tree species would be favourable to carbon sequestration. The costs of this would be decreased timber harvests and decreased revenues of landowners. Our results demonstrate the importance of accounting for the whole wood-production and wood-use chain, including fossil carbon emissions, when analysing the effects of rotation length on forest carbon sequestration.

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Perbandingan Emisi Karbon Dengan Karbon Tersimpan Di Hutan Rakyat Desa Buana Sakti Kecamatan Batanghari Kabupaten Lampung Timur

Jurnal Sylva Lestari ◽

10.23960/jsl1489-96 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 89 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Gamal Muhammad Rizki ◽

Afif Bintoro ◽

Rudi Hilmanto

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Global Warming ◽

Carbon Sequestration ◽

Carbon Emissions ◽

Private Forest ◽

The Public ◽

Average Temperature

Global warming is the increasing of the average temperature in the atmosphere, ocean, and mainland on Earth. Increasing of global warming was caused by air pollution of carbon emissions, among others, the use of LPG, the gasoline, and the electricity. The carbon emissions can be reduced by absorption of vegetation. This study compare the carbon emissions by in Buana Sakti Village with carbon stored in the private forest of Buana Sakti Village. The research objective was to determine the ratio of carbon emissions from the use of LPG, the gasoline, and the electricity with carbon stored on the vegetation in the private forest. The method used in this research is to calculate carbon emissions in the use of LPG, the gasoline, and the electricity. Carbon sequestration obtained from the calculation of the biomass of trees, understorey, and nekromassa. Carbon emissions by in Buana Sakti Village is 6,16 tons and the carbon stored in the Buana Sakti Village is 95,03 tons. From the data obtained, the private forest is able to tackle carbon emissions resulting from the use of LPG, the gasoline and, the electricity in the Buana Sakti Village. Therefore, the private forest must be preserved so that the amount of carbon in the atmosphere remain balanced and the public can still take advantage of the results of the private forest. Keywords: carbon emissions, carbon stored, private forest

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Fossil fuel carbon emissions from silviculture: Impacts on net carbon sequestration in forests

Forest Ecology and Management ◽

10.1016/j.foreco.2006.08.343 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 236 (2-3) ◽

pp. 153-161 ◽

Cited By ~ 53

Author(s):

Daniel Markewitz

Keyword(s):

Carbon Sequestration ◽

Carbon Emissions ◽

Fossil Fuel

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Study of Forests on Offsetting Carbon Emissions from Energy Consumption in Tianjin, China

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.3308 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 610-613 ◽

pp. 3308-3314

Author(s):

Shan Gao Xiong ◽

Hong Yuan Li ◽

Xiao Ding ◽

Xun Qiang Mo

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Carbon Sequestration ◽

Carbon Storage ◽

Carbon Emissions ◽

Fossil Fuel ◽

National Forest Inventory ◽

Natural Forests ◽

Sequestration Rate ◽

Annual Carbon

Forests can play an important role in mitigating the impacts of climate change by reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide.The purpose of this study is to quantiﬁed carbon storage and sequestration by forests and carbon emissions from energy consumption by several energy types in Tianjin,China,as well as the role of forests on offsetting carbon emissions from fossil fuel combustion.Data used for this study were collected according to the sixth national forest inventory(1999-2003) and China energy statistical yearbook.The results showed that the forests including natural forests and plantation forests in Tianjin stored 571,151.24 t C,with a carbon sequestration rate of 27,311.79 t C/yr. carbon storage per ha was 14.65 t C, and carbon sequestration per ha was 0.87 t C/yr. Carbon emissions from energy consumption in Tianjin were 3.85×107 t C /yr. The carbon stored by forests equaled to 1.48% of the annual carbon emissions from fossil fuel combustion, and carbon sequestration could offset 0.07% of the annual carbon emissions in Tianjin. In addition, the results indicates that the carbon storage and sequestration rate varied among forest types with different species and age structure. They provide insights for decision-makers and the public to better understand the role of forests, and make better management plans for forests.

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Effect of different agricultural practices on carbon emission and carbon stock in organic and conventional olive systems

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr14343 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 54 (2) ◽

pp. 173 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Ramez Saeid Mohamad ◽

Vincenzo Verrastro ◽

Lina Al Bitar ◽

Rocco Roma ◽

Michele Moretti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Carbon Sequestration ◽

Soil Carbon ◽

Carbon Emissions ◽

Carbon Flux ◽

Carbon Emission ◽

Agricultural Practices ◽

Soil Carbon Sequestration ◽

Conventional System ◽

Organic System

Agricultural practices, particularly land use, inputs and soil management, have a significant impact on the carbon cycle. Good management of agricultural practices may reduce carbon emissions and increase soil carbon sequestration. In this context, organic agricultural practices may have a positive role in mitigating environmental burden. Organic olive cultivation is increasing globally, particularly in Italy, which is ranked first worldwide for both organic olive production and cultivated area. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of agricultural practices in organic and conventional olive systems on global warming potential (GWP) from a life cycle perspective and to identify the hot spots in each system. The impacts assessed were associated with the efficiency of both systems at sequestering soil in order to calculate the net carbon flux. There was a higher environmental impact on GWP in the organic system because of higher global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions resulting from manure fertilisation rather than the synthetic foliar fertilisers used in the conventional system. However, manure was the main reason behind the higher soil organic carbon (SOC) content and soil carbon sequestration in the organic system. Fertilisation activity was the main contributor to carbon emissions, accounting for approximately 80% of total emissions in the organic system and 45% in the conventional system. Conversely, given the similarity of other factors (land use, residues management, soil cover) that may affect soil carbon content, manure was the primary contributor to increased SOC in the organic system, resulting in a higher efficiency of carbon sequestration in the soil following the addition of soil organic matter. The contribution of the manure to increased SOC compensated for the higher carbon emission from the organic system, resulting in higher negative net carbon flux in the organic versus the conventional system (–1.7 vs –0.52 t C ha–1 year–1, respectively) and higher efficiency of CO2 mitigation in the organic system.

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The climate benefit of carbon sequestration

Biogeosciences ◽

10.5194/bg-18-1029-2021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 1029-1048

Author(s):

Carlos A. Sierra ◽

Susan E. Crow ◽

Martin Heimann ◽

Holger Metzler ◽

Ernst-Detlef Schulze

Keyword(s):

Carbon Sequestration ◽

Carbon Emissions ◽

Climate Change Mitigation ◽

Climate Impacts ◽

Radiative Effect ◽

Time Horizons ◽

Global Warming Potentials ◽

Definition Of ◽

Carbon Retention ◽

Change Mitigation

Abstract. Ecosystems play a fundamental role in climate change mitigation by photosynthetically fixing carbon from the atmosphere and storing it for a period of time in organic matter. Although climate impacts of carbon emissions by sources can be quantified by global warming potentials, the appropriate formal metrics to assess climate benefits of carbon removals by sinks are unclear. We introduce here the climate benefit of sequestration (CBS), a metric that quantifies the radiative effect of fixing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and retaining it for a period of time in an ecosystem before releasing it back as the result of respiratory processes and disturbances. In order to quantify CBS, we present a formal definition of carbon sequestration (CS) as the integral of an amount of carbon removed from the atmosphere stored over the time horizon it remains within an ecosystem. Both metrics incorporate the separate effects of (i) inputs (amount of atmospheric carbon removal) and (ii) transit time (time of carbon retention) on carbon sinks, which can vary largely for different ecosystems or forms of management. These metrics can be useful for comparing the climate impacts of carbon removals by different sinks over specific time horizons, to assess the climate impacts of ecosystem management, and to obtain direct quantifications of climate impacts as the net effect of carbon emissions by sources versus removals by sinks.

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