Ethnicity as Social Rank: Governance, Law, and Empire in Muscovite Russia

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Romaniello
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Social System ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
System Change ◽  
High Rank ◽  
Religious Authority ◽  
Legal Practice ◽  
Legal Reforms ◽  
Administrative Reforms ◽  
Political Reforms

Most European early-modern states transitioned from composite monarchies into centralized ones. Essentially, composite monarchies were “more than one country under the sovereignty of one ruler.” As Moscow expanded and acquired the surrounding principalities either by inheritance or force, its grand princes enacted a series of legal and administrative reforms to dissolve the differences among its territories and create a centralized monarchy. These political reforms began under Ivan III, who instituted a standardization of Muscovite legal practice and formalized a defined system of social precedence,mestnichestvo, which accorded high rank to his newly acquired provincial elites within the Muscovite social system. Change could not happen overnight, and further legal reforms by Ivan IV, in addition to new religious reforms to eradicate differences of practice among his subjects, centralized the Grand Prince's political and religious authority.

scholarly journals CONTESTED LEGITIMACY AND THE AMBIGUOUS RISE OF VESTRIES IN EARLY MODERN LONDON

2011 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. MERRITT
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
State Formation ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Royal Commission ◽  
The Political ◽  
Religious Authority ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Legal Challenges ◽  
Early Modern London

ABSTRACTStudies of the rise of London's vestries in the period to 1640 have tended to discuss them in terms of the inexorable rise of oligarchy and state formation. This article re-examines the emergence of the vestries in several ways, moving beyond this traditional focus on oligarchy, and noting how London's vestries raised much broader issues concerning law, custom, and lay religious authority. The article reveals a notable contrast between the widespread influence and activities of London vestries and the questionable legal framework in which they operated. The political and ecclesiastical authorities – and in particular Archbishop Laud – are also shown to have had very mixed attitudes towards the legitimacy and desirability of powerful vestries. The apparently smooth and relentless spread of select vestries in the pre-war period is also shown to be illusory. The granting of vestry ‘faculties’ by the authorities ceased abruptly at the end of the 1620s, amid a series of serious legal challenges, on both local and ideological grounds, to the existence of vestries. Their rise had thus been seriously contested and stymied well before the upheavals of the 1640s, although opposition to them came from multiple sources – Laudians, Henry Spelman and the royal Commission on Fees, and local parishioners – whose objectives could vary.

scholarly journals Longevity of Willow Tits (Poecile montanus): the significance of flock membership, social rank and body size

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 13-18
Author(s):  
Olav Hogstad ◽  
Tore Slagsvold
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
High Rank ◽  
Subalpine Forest ◽  
Social Hierarchies ◽  
Willow Tit ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Winter Flocks ◽  
Main Factor

The Willow Tit Poecile montanus is highly sedentary and breeding pairs remain in their exclusive areas throughout the year. During the winter, these areas are defended by small, non-kin flocks, formed as the roaming yearlings become sedentary and join adults during late summer and autumn. Once established, stable social hierarchies are maintained in these flocks during the winter. The winter flocks consist normally of the socially dominant adult mated pair and two mated juvenile pairs, one higher-ranked and one lower-ranked. Individually colour-ringed juvenile Willow Tits were followed over years in subalpine forest in Norway from ringing in the autumn till they disappeared. None of the lower ranked birds survived their first winter, whereas only 4 of 71 higher-ranked juvenile pairs disappeared during this time. Half of the 71 pairs survived their first winter, about 25 % survived two winters, 8.5% survived three winters, and 5.6% survived four winters. Survival was similar for males and females. Alpha pairs remained mated and defended their common territory across years. Maximum age as revealed by ringing showed one female became six years old and two males ringed as adults were at least nine years old when last observed. The main factor associated with survival was early flock establishment that led to a high rank position among the juvenile flock members. Body size seemed insignificant. Birds that survived their first winter either succeeded to establish as territory owners or they were forced into the role as floaters and probably perished.

Conclusion

2021 ◽  
pp. 243-246
Author(s):  
Marie Seong-Hak Kim
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Legal History ◽  
Legal Tradition ◽  
Early Modern France ◽  
Royal Authority ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Legal Reforms ◽  
Modern France ◽  
Legislative Agenda ◽  
Judicial Economy

Legal reforms in early modern France marked a confluence of the crown’s judicial and legislative agenda, aimed at achieving what can be called in modern times judicial economy. They attested to the old-fashioned idea that the law, reinforced by royal authority, afforded better protection for the less-than-mighty subjects. Success in making the kingdom’s laws more systematic and equitable vindicates an important aspect of the meaning that historians and theorists have attached to the idea of a monarchie absolue. Early modern legal history has shown that a robust expression of sovereignty was intrinsically tied with the control of the sources of law. The historical forces behind the French law, long in the making, shed critical light on European legal tradition and jus commune.

Jewish Conversion in Europe and Constantinople

2021 ◽  
pp. 115-149
Author(s):  
Kirsten Macfarlane
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Public Debate ◽  
Religious Authority ◽  
Jewish Communities ◽  
Theological Controversy ◽  
A Minor

This chapter examines Broughton’s engagements with early modern Jewish communities which, like the rest of his interactions, were fraught with polemic, tension, and controversy. It starts with Broughton’s excitement at receiving a letter from an Abraham Reuben of Constantinople, whom Broughton believed to be a learned and authoritative Rabbi; whom Broughton’s enemies believed to be a convenient fiction of his own making; and who was in fact a minor poet with no religious authority. Despite the rumours of its forgery, Reuben’s letter pushed Broughton into a spree of missionary activity, leading to the first Hebrew printings in Amsterdam (1605–1606), and a public debate with David Farar, a Portuguese converso physician who had settled in the Netherlands. Beyond the confusions and miscommunications of these events, this chapter examines the broader impact they had on Broughton’s scholarship. Specifically, it argues that Broughton’s obsession with Jewish conversion deeply informed the approach he took to theological controversy and scholarship, by orientating him towards unusually historical and philological methods that were radically stripped of doctrinal and dogmatic concerns.

VI. Streit um Anwaltskosten in der frühen Neuzeit

2015 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
pp. 152-218
Author(s):  
Peter Oestmann
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Full Information ◽  
Legal Practice ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Additional Item ◽  
History Of ◽  
Contingency Fees ◽  
Legal Fees ◽  
Court Of Appeal

Argument about legal fees in the early modern period. Part 1: Methodic foundation, advocates’ contracts and payment modalities. Early modern records of proceedings consist mainly of advocates’ legal papers. Nevertheless, one does know just a little about the procurators and advocates and their cooperation with the legal parties, especially if they were no aristocrats, but subjects. However, if the parties did not pay their advocate and the advocates then asserted their fee claim in court, a number of records of proceedings have regularly survived and provide full information about the advocate’s and client’s relation. Next to the proxy, there was the commission as actual advocates’ contract. Regardless of the normative standards, the procurators drafted their contracts mostly as continuing obligations in addition with a yearly fixed fee. The contribution analyses and compares the practical contracting at the Imperial Chamber Court with the Imperial Aulic Council and the Wismar Court of Appeal. Herein the Arrha, an additional item on the invoice, and the attempt to assert contingency fees come into focus. Methodically, the paper pleads in favour of the history of legal practice, which in its valuations renounces itself mostly from the standards of normative sources.

Spatially heterogeneous impacts on rangeland after social system change in Mongolia

2007 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 555-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Okayasu ◽  
M. Muto ◽  
U. Jamsran ◽  
K. Takeuchi
Keyword(s):  
Social System ◽  
System Change

scholarly journals Understanding of economism and commercialization in the system of higher education: empirical analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 106 ◽  
pp. 03005
Author(s):  
Maryna Stryhul ◽  
Olena Khomeriki ◽  
Marianna Khomeriki
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Social System ◽  
System Change ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Economic Progress ◽  
The Social ◽  
Globalization Of Education ◽  
Investments In Education

The main point of the article is to analyze the essence of the phenomena of economism and commercialization in the system of higher education. Economism is seen as a part of globalization of education. It is noted that scientists argue that investments in education lead to the economic growth, reduce the income inequality and increase employment. It is worth noting that the processes of economization belong to the most important factors of the economic development of the country and cause social changes. Education is considered as a powerful factor of social development, social and economic progress and sustainable development of the social system. The aim of the article is to represent the phenomena of commercialization and economism in the system of higher education throughout the methods of sociological knowledge. It is mentioned that commercialization is one of the tendencies of education system change.

Dignity

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
Christian Doctrine ◽  
Greek Thought ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of ◽  
Locus Classicus

The concept of dignity typically brings to mind an idea of moral status that supposedly belongs to all humans equally, and which serves as the basis of human rights. But this moralized meaning of dignity is historically very young. Until the mid-nineteenth century, dignity suggested an idea about merit: it connoted elevated social rank, of the sort that marked nobility or ecclesiastic preferment. What explains this radical change in meaning? And before this change, did anything like the moralized concept of dignity exist, that is, before it was named by the term “dignity”? If so, exactly how old is the moralized concept of dignity? In this volume, leading scholars across a range of disciplines attempt to answer these questions by clarifying the presently murky history of “dignity,” from classical Greek thought through the Middle Ages and Enlightenment to the present day. In the process, four platitudes about the history of human dignity are undermined: (1) the Roman notion of dignitas is not the ancient starting point of our modern moralized notion; (2) neither the medieval Christian doctrine of imago Dei nor the renaissance speech of Pico della Mirandola, Oration on the Dignity of Man, was a genuine locus classicus of dignity discussion; (3) Immanuel Kant is not the early modern proprietor of the concept; (4) the universalization of the concept of dignity in the postmodern world (ca. 1800–present) is not the result of its constitutional indoctrination by the “wise forefathers” of liberal states like America or France.

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