Zinc biofortification of bread wheat, triticale, and durum wheat cultivars by foliar zinc fertilization

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 813-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Dhaliwal ◽  
Hari Ram ◽  
A. K. Shukla ◽  
G. S. Mavi
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Zinc Fertilization

Evaluation of heat stress and leaf rust tolerance between very late planted durum and bread wheat cultivars in central India

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 1422 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. K. Behera ◽  
A. N. Mishra ◽  
H. N. Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Leaf Rust ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Central India ◽  
High Temperature Stress ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Rust Infection

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the common cropping system in the Vertisols of central India. High temperatures prevailing during the reproductive phase and leaf rust infection of the late-planted wheat crop affect the grain yield adversely. In the soybean–potato–wheat cropping system, which has recently become more popular, wheat is sown very late, so high temperature stress is a major concern. Understanding of the response of very late-sown durum and bread wheat to high temperature stress during grain filling will assist breeders in genotype improvement and development of best agronomic management practices for promotion of very late-sown wheat cultivation in the region. Information is lacking on the response of durum and bread wheat to leaf rust and heat stress under very late-sown situations. Field experiments were conducted for three consecutive spring (January to April) seasons, from 1996 to 1998, with 20 cultivars of durum (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum Desf.) and bread (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori. and Paol.) wheat of timely and late-sown groups. The study objective was to: (i) identify durum and bread wheat cultivars suitable for very late planting in the newly established soybean–potato–wheat multiple cropping system; (ii) evaluate differential performance of durum and bread wheat under very late-sown conditions; and (iii) characterise plant traits associated with tolerance to heat stress during the grain filling period. Each year, all the cultivars were planted very late in January in lieu of normal sowing in mid-November. Compared with both the timely and late-sown groups of bread wheat cultivars, durum wheat produced an average 6% higher grain yield when sown very late. The 1000-grain weight was the most affected yield attribute under high temperature. Thus, under very late sown conditions, stable and high 1000-grain weight (45–55 g), and high harvest index (41–52%) contributed to the higher yield of durum wheat. Durum cultivar HI 8498 and bread wheat cultivars GW 173, HI 1418 and DL 788-2 of early to medium maturity and with high yields (>4.0 t/ha) and water use efficiency (12.7–14.8 kg/ha.mm) proved promising. Durum cultivars remained free from leaf rust infection, while significant yield reduction was recorded in susceptible bread wheat cultivars, particularly DL 803-3 and GW 190. This was due to severe rust infection during 1997–98, when widespread incidence of leaf rust occurred in the region. Therefore, contrary to the popular belief, late planted durum wheat may be successfully grown in the soybean–potato–wheat cropping system in central India.

Estimating genetic diversity in Greek durum wheat landraces with RAPD markers

2005 ◽  
Vol 56 (12) ◽  
pp. 1355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Mantzavinou ◽  
Penelope J. Bebeli ◽  
Pantouses J. Kaltsikes
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Rapd Markers ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Arbitrary Primers

Using the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method, the genetic diversity of 19 Greek landraces and 9 cultivars of durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. var. durum (Desf.)] was studied. Two commercial bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars and one genotype of Triticum monococcum L. were also included in the study. Eighty-seven arbitrary primers (10-mer) were evaluated in a preliminary experiment and 15 of them were selected for the main experiments based on the quality and reliability of their amplification and the polymorphism they revealed. A total of 150 DNA bands were obtained, 125 (83.3%) of which were polymorphic. On average, 10 DNA bands were amplified per primer, 8.3 of which were polymorphic. The genetic similarity between all pairs of genotypes was evaluated using the Jaccard’s or Nei and Li’s coefficients; the values of the former ranged from 0.153 to 0.973 while those of the latter were slightly higher (0.265–0.986). Cluster analysis was conducted by the UPGMA and the Njoin methods. Both methods broadly placed 26 durum genotypes into 1 branch while the other branch consisted of 2 subgroups: 1 included the 2 bread wheat cultivars; the other 1 consisted of 2 durum landraces, ‘Kontopouli’ and ‘Mavrotheri-Chios’, which showed an intruiging behaviour sharing bands with the bread wheat cultivars. The T. monococcum cultivar stood apart from all other genotypes.

Association of high and low molecular weight glutenin subunits with dough strength in durum wheats (Triticum turgidum ssp. turgidum L. conv. durum (Desf.)) in southern Australia

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 451 ◽  
Author(s):  
CY Liu ◽  
AJ Rathjen
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Glutenin Subunits ◽  
Dough Strength ◽  
Hmw Glutenin Subunits ◽  
Hmw Glutenin

A large set of durum wheat lines (79 including 8 advanced Australian breeding lines) randomly collected from 11 countries and 11 bread wheat cultivars were grown in replicated trials at 2 field locations to compare yield and gluten quality. Gluten strength, as measured by the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-sedimentation (SDSS) test, varied considerably among the durum lines and was associated with the presence of specific glutenins. Unlike some previous reports, the present study showed that durum wheat cultivars having the high molecular weight (HMW) glutenin subunits coded by Glu-B1 genes such as 13 + 16 and 7 + 8 were highly correlated with improved dough strength, which was consistent with the effect of HMW glutenin subunits on dough quality in bread wheat. Cultivars having the low molecular weight (LMW) glutenin allele LMW-2 (or gliadin band r-45) generally gave stronger gluten than lines with allele LMW-1, as reported by earlier workers. The LMW pattern LMW-IIt gave the strongest glutenin. The combined better alleles at Glu-B1 (coded bands 13 + 16, 7 + 8 v. 6 + 8, 20) and Glu-3 (patterns LMW- II, LMW-IIt v. LMW-I) showed linear cumulative effects for dough strength. All the durum lines studied had lower SDSS values than the bread wheat controls (45.8 v. 76.2 mL), though durum wheats tended to possess higher grain protein concentrations (14.0 v. 11.9%) and gave lower grain yield than bread wheat. The Australian advanced lines had higher yield and better dough strength than durums from other countries except those from CIMMYT. The Australian lines also had 1-1.5% higher protein concentration and equal or better grain yield than the bread wheat, suggesting that these lines had potential for commercial use.

Slow leaf rust development on durum wheat

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (11) ◽  
pp. 1539-1543 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Statler ◽  
J. T. Nordgaard ◽  
J. E. Watkins
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Leaf Rust ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Wheat Cultivar ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Bread Wheat Cultivar ◽  
Slow Rusting ◽  
Apparent Infection Rate ◽  
Rust Severity

Several durum wheat (Triticitm durum) cultivars exhibiting susceptible or moderately susceptible reactions to the leaf rust fungus (Puccinia recondita tritici) were evaluated for slow rusting. Percentage severity and reactions for P. recondita tritici on each cultivar were evaluated periodically after initial infection. Logit analysis of disease progress curves was used to compare cultivars. The durum wheats consistently exhibited low rust severities in the field. The durums were always characterized by lower infection rates than the susceptible bread wheat cultivar Thatcher (Triticum aestivum). The area under the disease progress curve was smaller for the durum wheats than for Thatcher. The high correlation between apparent infection rate and the final rust severity indicated that final rust severity could be used as an indication of infection rate. The high correlation coefficient for the apparent infection rate between the two top leaves indicated that either leaf would provide an accurate evaluation of the cultivar. Yields of the durum wheat cultivars were not increased by controlling leaf rust. Yields of the susceptible bread wheat cultivar Thatcher were significantly increased by controlling leaf rust. The slow rusting displayed by the durum wheat cultivars studied apparently provide adequate protection against leaf rust under North Dakota conditions.

scholarly journals Virulence of Egyptian Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici Population and Response of Egyptian Wheat Cultivars

Plant Disease ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 391-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelrazek Abdelrhim ◽  
Harby M. Abd-Alla ◽  
El-Sayed Abdou ◽  
Mamdoh E. Ismail ◽  
Christina Cowger
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Partial Resistance ◽  
Blumeria Graminis ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
Commercial Cultivars ◽  
Serious Disease

Powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis (DC.) Speer f. sp. tritici (Em. Marchal), is a serious disease of wheat that can cause a large reduction in yield. In Egypt, high powdery mildew severity has been observed in the past few years on many commercial cultivars of both bread and durum wheat. Little information is available about virulence characteristics of the Egyptian B. graminis f. sp. tritici population in Egypt or the resistance of Egyptian wheat cultivars to powdery mildew. Virulence frequencies of a representative sample of the Egyptian B. graminis f. sp. tritici population were studied. Seven provinces were chosen to represent the country: two in Upper Egypt (Qena and Sohag), one in Middle Egypt (El Minia), and four in the north (Alexandria, Kafr Elsheikh, Dakahlia, and Sharqia). Ten isolates from each province (70 isolates total) were derived from single ascospores and used for this study. They were inoculated individually on 21 powdery mildew differential lines, each bearing a single resistance (Pm) gene. Also, the responses of 14 Egyptian bread wheat cultivars and 6 durum cultivars to each of the 70 isolates were evaluated individually. Among all tested Pm genes, only seven (Pm1b, Pm2, Pm21, Pm34, Pm36, Pm37, and Pm53) were effective against B. graminis f. sp. tritici isolates from all provinces. Several other genes were effective against most or all isolates from a majority of provinces. All tested bread wheat cultivars showed full susceptibility to all isolates, whereas two durum wheat cultivars, Beni-Suef-5 and Beni-Suef-6, had intermediate responses to a large percentage of the isolates, likely indicating partial resistance. To enhance mildew resistance in Egyptian wheat cultivars, it is recommended to use combinations of genes that are nationally effective or effective against multiple provincial B. graminis f. sp. tritici populations.

Chromosome-mediated and direct gene transfers in wheat

Genome ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 570-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prem P Jauhar ◽  
Ravindra N Chibbar
Keyword(s):  
Gene Transfer ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Chromosome Engineering ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Alien Gene Transfer ◽  
Homoeologous Chromosome Pairing ◽  
Alien Gene

Wild grasses, including relatives of wheat, have several desirable characters that can be introduced into both bread wheat and durum wheat. Since current wheat cultivars lack certain traits, for example, resistance to fusarium head blight (scab), related wild grasses may be the only option for useful variability. Wide hybridization of wheat with grasses, coupled with cytogenetic manipulation of the hybrid material, has been instrumental in the genetic improvement of wheat. Chromosome engineering methodologies, based on the manipulation of pairing control mechanisms and induced translocations, have been employed to transfer into wheat specific disease and pest resistance genes from annual (e.g., rye) or perennial (e.g., Thinopyrum spp., Lophopyrum spp., and Agropyron spp.) members of the wheat tribe, Triticeae. The advent of in situ hybridization techniques, for example, fluorescent GISH combined with Giemsa C-banding, has proved immensely useful in characterizing alien chromatin specifying resistance to various pathogens and pests. The use of DNA markers (RAPDs and RFLPs) helps to identify desirable genotypes more precisely and, thereby, facilitates gene transfer into wheat. Such markers may be particularly helpful in monitoring the introgression of alien genes in the wheat genome. In fact, several cultivars, particularly of bread wheat, contain superior traits of alien origin. The development of novel gene-transfer techniques in the past decade that allow direct delivery of DNA into regenerable embryogenic callus of wheat has opened up new avenues of alien-gene transfer into wheat cultivars. Thus, transgenic bread and durum wheats have been produced and methods of gene delivery standardized. The application of transgenic technology has not only yielded herbicide-resistant wheats, but has also helped to improve grain quality by modifying the protein and starch profiles of the grain. These in vitro approaches to gene transfer are developing rapidly, and promise to become an integral part of plant breeding efforts. However, the new biotechnological tools will complement, not replace, conventional plant breeding.Key words: alien-gene transfer, fluorescent GISH, Giemsa banding, homoeologous chromosome pairing, molecular markers, transgenic bread wheat, transgenic durum wheat.

Nitrogen Metabolism and Yellowberry of Two Bread Wheat Cultivars 1

Crop Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
James F. Henson ◽  
J. Giles Waines
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Wheat Cultivars

scholarly journals Genetic diversity of high and low molecular weight glutenin subunits in Saharan bread and durum wheats from Algerian oases

2012 ◽  
Vol 48 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 23-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Bellil ◽  
M. Chekara Bouziani ◽  
D. Khelifi
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Allelic Variation ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Glutenin Subunits ◽  
Lmw Glutenin Subunits ◽  
Genotypic Identification ◽  
Diversity Studies

Saharan wheats have been studied particularly from a botanical viewpoint. Genotypic identification, classification and genetic diversity studies to date were essentially based on the morphology of the spike and grain. For this, the allelic variation at the glutenin loci was studied in a set of Saharan bread and durum wheats from Algerian oases where this crop has been traditionally cultivated. The high molecular weight and low molecular weight glutenin subunit composition of 40 Saharan bread and 30 durum wheats was determined by SDS-PAGE. In Saharan bread wheats 32 alleles at the six glutenin loci were detected, which in combination resulted in 36 different patterns including 17 for HMW and 23 for LMW glutenin subunits. For the Saharan durum wheats, 29 different alleles were identified for the five glutenin loci studied. Altogether, 29 glutenin patterns were detected, including 13 for HMW-GS and 20 for LMW-GS. Three new alleles were found in Saharan wheats, two in durum wheat at the Glu-B1 and Glu-B3 loci, and one in bread wheat at the Glu-B1 locus. The mean indices of genetic variation at the six loci in bread wheat and at the five loci in durum wheat were 0.59 and 0.63, respectively, showing that Saharan wheats were more diverse. This information could be useful to select Saharan varieties with improved quality and also as a source of genes to develop new lines when breeding for quality.

scholarly journals Development and validation of a method for quantification of common wheat, durum wheat, rye and barley by droplet digital PCR

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Schulze ◽  
Anne-Catrin Geuthner ◽  
Dietrich Mäde
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Common Wheat ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Digital Pcr ◽  
Droplet Digital Pcr ◽  
Food Fraud ◽  
Single Genome ◽  
Cereal Species

AbstractFood fraud is becoming a prominent topic in the food industry. Thus, valid methods for detecting potential adulterations are necessary to identify instances of food fraud in cereal products, a significant component of human diet. In this work, primer–probe systems for real-time PCR and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) for the detection of these cereal species: bread wheat (together with spelt), durum wheat, rye and barley for real-time PCR and ddPCR were established, optimized and validated. In addition, it was projected to validate a molecular system for differentiation of bread wheat and spelt; however, attempts for molecular differentiation between common wheat and spelt based on the gene GAG56D failed because of the genetic variability of the molecular target. Primer–probe systems were further developed and optimized on the basis of alignments of DNA sequences, as well as already developed PCR systems. The specificity of each system was demonstrated on 10 (spelt), 11 (durum wheat and rye) and 12 (bread wheat) reference samples. Specificity of the barley system was already proved in previous work. The calculated limits of detection (LOD95%) were between 2.43 and 4.07 single genome copies in real-time PCR. Based on the “three droplet rule”, the LOD95% in ddPCR was calculated to be 9.07–13.26 single genome copies. The systems were tested in mixtures of flours (rye and common wheat) and of semolina (durum and common wheat). The methods proved to be robust with regard to the tested conditions in the ddPCR. The developed primer–probe systems for ddPCR proved to be effective in quantitatively detecting the investigated cereal species rye and common wheat in mixtures by taking into account the haploid genome weight and the degree of milling of a flour. This method can correctly detect proportions of 50%, 60% and 90% wholemeal rye flour in a mixture of wholemeal common wheat flour. Quantitative results depend on the DNA content, on ploidy of cereal species and are also influenced by comminution. Hence, the proportion of less processed rye is overestimated in higher processed bread wheat and adulteration of durum wheat by common wheat by 1–5% resulted in underestimation of common wheat.

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