Sensitivity of Meloidogyne incognita second-stage juvenile hatch, motility and viability to pure cucurbitacins and cucurbitacin-containing phytonematicides

Aqueous leaf extracts were utilized to assess the nematicidal or nematostatic property on second stage juvenile of Meloidogyne incognita. The juvenile were incubate at various concentration of leaf extract viz., 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm. Corrected mortality using Abbot’s formula was recorded after 12, 24 and 48 hours respectively. Correlation coefficient (Pearson) was checked to explain the association between percentages mortality of juvenile with extract concentrations. Linear regression was used to denote concentration and rank dependent outcome of four aqueous plant leaves extracts on the second stage juvenile (J2) mortality. All leaf extracts were found to be nematicidal or nematostatic in property. Maximum juvenile mortality rate was recorded in Xanthium strumarium throughout the incubation period as followed by Acalypha indica, Argemone mexicana and Colocasia gigantean. Concentration depended effect of X. strumarium and C. gigantean proved maximum and minimum level when analyzed by values of regression and correlation. Aqueous leaves extracts of these aforementioned weeds give us an idea about nematicidal properties and therefore may be used as biopesticide in future

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Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) and its management: a review

Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources ◽

10.3126/janr.v3i2.32298 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 21-31

Author(s):

Sudeep Subedi ◽

Bihani Thapa ◽

Jiban Shrestha

Keyword(s):

Meloidogyne Incognita ◽

Host Cells ◽

Effective Management ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽

Management Options ◽

Feeding Site ◽

Second Stage ◽

Stage Juvenile ◽

Growth Quality

Root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita stands out among the most harmful polyphagous endoparasite causing serious harm to plants, and distributed all over the globe. RKN causes reduced growth, quality and yield along with reduced resistance of the host against biotic and abiotic stresses. Infective second stage juvenile enters host roots with the help of the stylet and becomes sedentary getting into the vascular cylinder. Dramatic changes occur in host cells, making a specialized feeding site, induced by the secretion of effector protein by RKN. M. incognita can be controlled by nematicides, biocontrol agents, botanicals essential oils and growing resistant cultivars. Nematicides are no longer allowed to use in many parts of the world because of environmental hazards and toxicity to humans and other organisms. Researchers are concentrating on searching suitable alternatives to nematicides for effective management of M. incognita. This review mainly tries to explain the biology of M. incognita and different management options recommended in recent years. However, an effective and economical management of M. incognita remains an immense challenge.

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Resistance Quantitative Trait Loci qMi-C11 and qMi-C14 in Cotton Have Different Effects on the Development of Meloidogyne incognita, the Southern Root-Knot Nematode

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-06-18-1050-re ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 103 (5) ◽

pp. 853-858 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Mychele B. Da Silva ◽

Richard F. Davis ◽

Pawan Kumar ◽

Robert L. Nichols ◽

Peng W. Chee

Keyword(s):

Quantitative Trait Loci ◽

Meloidogyne Incognita ◽

Quantitative Trait ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Second Stage ◽

Modes Of Action ◽

Trait Loci ◽

Stage Juvenile ◽

Nematode Development

Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) qMi-C11 and qMi-C14 impart a high level of resistance to Meloidogyne incognita in cotton. Breeders had previously backcrossed both QTLs into the susceptible Coker 201 to create the highly resistant M-120 RNR, and we crossed Coker 201 and M-120 RNR to create near-isogenic lines with either qMi-C11 or qMi-C14. Previous work suggests different modes of action for qMi-C11 and qMi-C14. To document individual and combined effects of the QTLs on nematode development and reproduction, Coker 201 (neither QTL), M-120 RNR (both QTLs), CH11 near isoline (qMi-C11), and CH14 near isoline (qMi-C14) were inoculated with M. incognita. At 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 25, and 30 days after inoculation (DAI), roots were stained to observe nematode developmental stages (second-stage juvenile [J2], swollen second-stage juvenile [SJ2], third-stage juvenile [J3], fourth-stage juvenile [J4], and female), and the number of galls was counted. At 20, 25, 30, and 40 DAI, M. incognita eggs were harvested and counted. At 30 DAI, 80% of the nematodes on Coker 201 were female compared with 50, 40, and 33% females on CH14, CH11, and M-120 RNR, respectively, and greater proportions of nematodes remained in J2 in M-120 RNR (41%), CH11 (58%), and CH14 (27%) than in Coker 201 (9%). More nematodes progressed to J3 or J4 on Coker 201 and CH14 than on CH11 or M-120 RNR. Coker 201 and CH14 had more galls than M-120 RNR. Coker 201 had more eggs than the other genotypes at 30 DAI. Nematode development beyond J2 or SJ2 was significantly reduced by qMi-C11, and development beyond J3 or J4 was significantly reduced by qMi-C14. This study confirms that qMi-C11 and qMi-C14 act at different times and have different effects on the development of M. incognita, and therefore, they have different modes of action.

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Nematicidal Activity of the Essential Oils from Pilocarpus microphyllus (Rutaceae) Samples

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x0600100608 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 1 (6) ◽

pp. 1934578X0600100

Author(s):

Nirla R. Romero ◽

Manoel Andrade-Neto ◽

Francisco J. T. Gonçalves ◽

Raimundo R. G. Nascimento ◽

Franciglauber S. Bezerra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Meloidogyne Incognita ◽

Nematicidal Activity ◽

Caryophyllene Oxide ◽

Second Stage ◽

Aliphatic Ketones ◽

Germacrene D ◽

Stage Juvenile ◽

High Concentrations ◽

Pilocarpus Microphyllus

The composition and nematicidal activity of the essential oils from the leaves of native and six cultivated varieties of P. microphyllus are reported. Twenty-nine compounds were identified (86.2% sesquiterpenes and 13.8% aliphatic ketones) of which (E)-caryophyllene, germacrene-D, caryophyllene oxide, 2-tridecanone, and 1-hydroxy-2-tridecanone were found in all of the analyzed oils. The nematicidal activity of all the oils was evaluated against the second-stage juvenile nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Essential oils from native P. microphyllus and varieties Xingu and Linha V showed high nematicidal activity, while no activity was found for the other oils. This result was associated with the high concentrations of both 2-tridecanone and 1-hydroxy-2-tridecanone in the active oils. Both ketones were isolated from one of the active oils and showed 100% activity at 1000 ppm concentration.

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Heterodera glycines cysts contain an extensive array of endoproteases as well as inhibitors of proteases in H. glycines and Meloidogyne incognita infective juvenile stages

Nematology ◽

10.1163/15685411-00002972 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 489-499 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Edward P. Masler ◽

David J. Chitwood

Keyword(s):

Meloidogyne Incognita ◽

Species Differences ◽

Heterodera Glycines ◽

Nematode Species ◽

Infective Juvenile ◽

Matrix Metalloprotease ◽

Second Stage ◽

Stage Juvenile ◽

Juvenile Stages ◽

Cyst Content

Heterodera glycinescysts contain proteases, and inhibitors of protease activities in various nematode species. In this investigation, proteases inH. glycinescysts were identified using a commercially available FRET-peptide library comprising 512 peptide pools qualified to detect up to four endoprotease types (aspartic, cysteine, metallo- and serine). Native cyst content (nHglCE) digested peptides in over 96% of the pools with all four protease types identified. Serine and metalloproteases represented nearly 70% of all proteases detected and were examined further. Trypsin (serine) and matrix metalloprotease (MMP) activities were compared among nHglCE, andH. glycinessecond-stage juvenile (J2) andMeloidogyne incognitaJ2 extracts. The relative levels of activity were different for all three enzyme sources. Trypsin activity was up to 60-fold greater inM. incognitathan in eitherH. glycinessource, while MMP activity was highest in nHglCE and lowest inM. incognitaJ2. Heat-denatured cyst content (hHglCE) inhibited proteases in all three nematode preparations and was generally greater inM. incognitathan inH. glycines. Largest differences (5.2- to 6.4-fold) were observed betweenM. incognitaand nHglCE trypsin and MMP inhibition. In infective juveniles, hHglCE inhibitedM. incognitaJ2 trypsin (IC50 = 0.64 hHglCEeq reaction−1) and MMP (IC50 = 0.54) more potently than eitherH. glycinestrypsin (IC50 = 1.34) or MMP (IC50 = 1.84). Use of three MMP substrates (73, 74 and 80) revealed clear species differences as well as complex associations between activity and inhibition. MMP73 digestion rates were the same inH. glycinesandM. incognitabut responses to hHglCE inhibition were different. MMP80 digestion rates were different but inhibition was the same. MMP74 digestion rates and inhibition levels were each different between species. These experiments provide further evidence that theH. glycinescyst should be examined as a source of compounds useful for developing nematode control methods.

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Damage to melon (Cucumis melo L.) cv. Durango by Meloidogyne incognita in Southern California

Nematology ◽

10.1163/156854101750236277 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 151-157 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Mark Phillips ◽

Antoon Ploeg

Keyword(s):

Meloidogyne Incognita ◽

Cucumis Melo ◽

Fruit Set ◽

Yield Loss ◽

Second Stage ◽

Plant Nematode ◽

Stage Juvenile ◽

Cucumis Melo L ◽

The Relationship ◽

Seinhorst Model

AbstractThe relationship between increasing Meloidogyne incognita inoculum density and the growth of melon plants in pots was well described by the Seinhorst model. The estimated tolerance level was not affected by the age of the plant at time of exposure to the nematodes, but minimum yields increased significantly when nematode inoculation was delayed until 2 weeks after seeding. Similarly, in field grown plants, melon fruit yields decreased with increasing pre-plant nematode levels. Tolerance levels estimated from the field study were one second stage juvenile (J2) per 200 g soil sampled before planting, and the estimated yield loss at high nematode densities was 65%. The yield loss resulted primarily from fewer fruits being harvested per plant, rather than from the fruits being smaller. This may be due to a redirection of plant nutrients towards sustaining the nematodes developing in the root systems, inhibiting fruit set. The results indicate that preventing immediate access of the nematodes to very young seedlings may prevent severe yield losses, but may also result in high populations at harvest.

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Effect of cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus on penetration and reproduction of meloidogyne incognita in cowpea

Journal of Agricultural Sciences Belgrade ◽

10.2298/jas0803193a ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 53 (3) ◽

pp. 193-201

Author(s):

O.K. Adekunle ◽

T.E. Owa

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Population Density ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Meloidogyne Incognita ◽

Resistant Cultivar ◽

Limited Effect ◽

Second Stage ◽

Cowpea Aphid ◽

Stage Juvenile

greenhouse studies were conducted to investigate the effects of cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus on penetration and reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita in cowpea and the influence of these pathogens on the yield of cowpea. The interaction of both pathogens resulted in higher population density of the nematode at harvest and correspondingly reduced grain yield in comparison to inoculation of either pathogen alone or un-inoculated control. An almost equal number of nematode juveniles penetrated roots of seedlings of nematode - susceptible Ife Brown and TVU 2657 and nematode - resistant IT81D - 975 cultivars of cowpea, but the nematode did not develop beyond second stage juvenile in the resistant cultivar. Concomitant inoculation of the nematode and the virus resulted in a shortened life cycle of the nematode in comparison to nematode alone inoculation. Interaction of both the nematode and the virus had a limited effect on the nematode resistant cultivar of cowpea.

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Interspecific differences in the nematode surface coat between Meloidogyne incognita and M. arenaria related to the adhesion of the bacterium Pasteuria penetrans

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182000074655 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 105 (3) ◽

pp. 475-480 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

K. G. Davies ◽

C. Danks

Keyword(s):

Meloidogyne Incognita ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Surface Coat ◽

Pasteuria Penetrans ◽

Large Protein ◽

Second Stage ◽

Interspecific Differences ◽

Associated Proteins ◽

Stage Juvenile ◽

Spore Attachment

SUMMARYSpores of the bacterium Pasteuria penetrans adhered to second-stage juveniles of both Meloidogyne incognita and M. arenaria, but in standard attachment assays far fewer adhered to the latter species. Similarly, a polyclonal antibody was shown not to recognize the surface coat of M. arenaria but did recognize the surface coat of M. incognita. Although the incubation of whole, intact 2nd-stage juveniles of M. incognita in a series of detergents and protein-denaturing agents at room temperature did not reduce the number of spores adhering after exposure to the bacterium, incubation in buffer (PBS) alone at 100 °C for 2 min did. Immunoblotting of cuticle extracts onto nitrocellulose and probing the blots with antibody showed that the antibody recognized a large protein of Mr 80 kDa and a series of smaller proteins of approximately 43 kDa on M. incognita which were not recognized in extracts from M. arenaria. As incubation of the 2nd-stage juveniles in antibody prohibited spore attachment it is suggested that these proteins may be involved in spore adhesion. Large differences exist between M. incognita and M. arenaria in the amounts of surface-associated proteins on the 2nd-stage juvenile cuticle.

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