scholarly journals Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) and its management: a review

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-31
Author(s):  
Sudeep Subedi ◽  
Bihani Thapa ◽  
Jiban Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Meloidogyne Incognita ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Feeding Site ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Stage Juvenile ◽  
Growth Quality

Root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita stands out among the most harmful polyphagous endoparasite causing serious harm to plants, and distributed all over the globe. RKN causes reduced growth, quality and yield along with reduced resistance of the host against biotic and abiotic stresses. Infective second stage juvenile enters host roots with the help of the stylet and becomes sedentary getting into the vascular cylinder. Dramatic changes occur in host cells, making a specialized feeding site, induced by the secretion of effector protein by RKN. M. incognita can be controlled by nematicides, biocontrol agents, botanicals essential oils and growing resistant cultivars. Nematicides are no longer allowed to use in many parts of the world because of environmental hazards and toxicity to humans and other organisms. Researchers are concentrating on searching suitable alternatives to nematicides for effective management of M. incognita. This review mainly tries to explain the biology of M. incognita and different management options recommended in recent years. However, an effective and economical management of M. incognita remains an immense challenge.

scholarly journals Resistance Quantitative Trait Loci qMi-C11 and qMi-C14 in Cotton Have Different Effects on the Development of Meloidogyne incognita, the Southern Root-Knot Nematode

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (5) ◽  
pp. 853-858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mychele B. Da Silva ◽  
Richard F. Davis ◽  
Pawan Kumar ◽  
Robert L. Nichols ◽  
Peng W. Chee
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Trait Loci ◽  
Meloidogyne Incognita ◽  
Quantitative Trait ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Modes Of Action ◽  
Trait Loci ◽  
Stage Juvenile ◽  
Nematode Development

Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) qMi-C11 and qMi-C14 impart a high level of resistance to Meloidogyne incognita in cotton. Breeders had previously backcrossed both QTLs into the susceptible Coker 201 to create the highly resistant M-120 RNR, and we crossed Coker 201 and M-120 RNR to create near-isogenic lines with either qMi-C11 or qMi-C14. Previous work suggests different modes of action for qMi-C11 and qMi-C14. To document individual and combined effects of the QTLs on nematode development and reproduction, Coker 201 (neither QTL), M-120 RNR (both QTLs), CH11 near isoline (qMi-C11), and CH14 near isoline (qMi-C14) were inoculated with M. incognita. At 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 25, and 30 days after inoculation (DAI), roots were stained to observe nematode developmental stages (second-stage juvenile [J2], swollen second-stage juvenile [SJ2], third-stage juvenile [J3], fourth-stage juvenile [J4], and female), and the number of galls was counted. At 20, 25, 30, and 40 DAI, M. incognita eggs were harvested and counted. At 30 DAI, 80% of the nematodes on Coker 201 were female compared with 50, 40, and 33% females on CH14, CH11, and M-120 RNR, respectively, and greater proportions of nematodes remained in J2 in M-120 RNR (41%), CH11 (58%), and CH14 (27%) than in Coker 201 (9%). More nematodes progressed to J3 or J4 on Coker 201 and CH14 than on CH11 or M-120 RNR. Coker 201 and CH14 had more galls than M-120 RNR. Coker 201 had more eggs than the other genotypes at 30 DAI. Nematode development beyond J2 or SJ2 was significantly reduced by qMi-C11, and development beyond J3 or J4 was significantly reduced by qMi-C14. This study confirms that qMi-C11 and qMi-C14 act at different times and have different effects on the development of M. incognita, and therefore, they have different modes of action.

scholarly journals Evaluation of some plant extracts for nemato-toxic potential against juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita in vitro

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-145
Author(s):  
Gulwaiz Akhter ◽  
◽  
Tabreiz Ahmad Khan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Meloidogyne Incognita ◽  
Xanthium Strumarium ◽  
Plant Leaves ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Argemone Mexicana ◽  
Juvenile Mortality ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Stage Juvenile ◽  
Toxic Potential

Aqueous leaf extracts were utilized to assess the nematicidal or nematostatic property on second stage juvenile of Meloidogyne incognita. The juvenile were incubate at various concentration of leaf extract viz., 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm. Corrected mortality using Abbot’s formula was recorded after 12, 24 and 48 hours respectively. Correlation coefficient (Pearson) was checked to explain the association between percentages mortality of juvenile with extract concentrations. Linear regression was used to denote concentration and rank dependent outcome of four aqueous plant leaves extracts on the second stage juvenile (J2) mortality. All leaf extracts were found to be nematicidal or nematostatic in property. Maximum juvenile mortality rate was recorded in Xanthium strumarium throughout the incubation period as followed by Acalypha indica, Argemone mexicana and Colocasia gigantean. Concentration depended effect of X. strumarium and C. gigantean proved maximum and minimum level when analyzed by values of regression and correlation. Aqueous leaves extracts of these aforementioned weeds give us an idea about nematicidal properties and therefore may be used as biopesticide in future

Meloidogyne phaseoli n. sp. (Nematoda: Meloidogynidae), a root-knot nematode parasitising bean in Brazil

Nematology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 525-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Jose Charchar ◽  
Jonathan Eisenback ◽  
Maria Esther Boiteux ◽  
João Charchar
Keyword(s):  
Excretory Pore ◽  
Posterior Region ◽  
Esterase Isozyme ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Head Region ◽  
Lateral Field ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Stage Juvenile ◽  
Labial Disc

AbstractMeloidogyne phaseoli n. sp. is described and illustrated from specimens parasitising bean cv. Carioca in Brasilia, Brazil. The perineal pattern of the female is rounded to oval-shaped with a dorsal arch that is flattened to moderately high and squarish, sometimes with rounded shoulders. The striae are moderately spaced and often distinctly forked in the lateral field. The female stylet is 14-19 μm long and has broad, distinctly set-off knobs and several small, rounded projections on the shaft. The excretory pore opens 34-82 μm from the head near the level of metacorpus. Males are 999-2105 μm in length and have a high, wide head cap that slopes posteriorly. The labial disc and medial lips are partially fused to form an elongated lip structure. The robust stylet is 20-26 μm long and has wide knobs that are distinctly set-off from the shaft which is marked by several small, round projections. Mean second-stage juvenile length is 464 μm. The head region is not annulated and the large labial disc and crescent-shaped medial lips are fused to form a dumbbell-shaped head cap. The stylet is 10.5-12 μm long and has rounded, posteriorly sloping knobs. The slender tail, 46-64 μm long, has large irregular-sized annules in the posterior region and a slightly rounded tip. The hyaline tail terminus is long, 10.5-19.3 μm. The esterase isozyme is a unique E3 phenotype having one weak and two strong bands. Tomato, tobacco, bean and pea are good hosts, corn is a very poor host, whilst pepper, watermelon, peanut, cotton and soybean are non-hosts.

Comparison of host recognition, invasion, development and reproduction of Meloidogyne graminicola and M. incognita on rice and tomato

Nematology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 509-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tushar K. Dutta ◽  
Stephen J. Powers ◽  
Brian R. Kerry ◽  
Hari S. Gaur ◽  
Rosane H.C. Curtis
Keyword(s):  
Meloidogyne Incognita ◽  
Host Recognition ◽  
Cortical Region ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Meloidogyne Graminicola ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Tomato Roots

AbstractThe rice root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola normally infects rice, wheat and several other graminaceous plants. Meloidogyne incognita is a serious pest of dicotyledonous crops, although it can infect and reproduce on some cereals. This paper demonstrates and compares host recognition, development and reproduction of these two species of root-knot nematodes on rice and tomato plants. Attraction bioassays in pluronic gel clearly showed that M. incognita preferred tomato roots to rice or mustard roots, whilst M. graminicola was more attracted towards rice compared with tomato or mustard roots. Based on the attraction data from this study, it can be hypothesised that either: i) the blend of attractants and repellents are different in good and poor hosts; or ii) relatively long-range attractants, together with shorter-range repellents, might affect nematode movement patterns. Some host specific attractants might also be involved. Meloidogyne incognita was able to invade and develop to adult female but did not produce eggs in rice roots. By contrast, M. graminicola developed and reproduced faster on both rice and tomato plants compared with M. incognita. Nevertheless, second-stage juveniles of both these root-knot nematodes showed a similar pattern of distribution inside the roots, preferring to accumulate at the root tips of rice or in the vascular cylinder and cortical region of tomato.

Effect of Southern Root-knot Nematode (Meloidogyne incognita race 3) on Corn Yields in Alabama

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Bowen ◽  
A. K. Hagan ◽  
H. L. Campbell ◽  
S. Nightengale
Keyword(s):  
Meloidogyne Incognita ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Management Decisions ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
Percent Loss ◽  
Stage Juvenile ◽  
Risk Thresholds ◽  
Southern Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Soil Losses ◽  
Corn Grain

In Alabama and other southeastern states, corn is frequently planted in rotation with cotton and peanut in order to minimize soil-borne pest problems. Even in areas where peanut is not grown, corn is increasingly being planted in rotation with cotton. However, one root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita race 3, causes damage to both cotton and corn. In this study, we determined levels of corn grain loss when southern root-knot nematodes are present in soil. Losses were 3.8 to 11.4% based on preceding years' counts and 2.2 to 7.0% with current years' counts for every 100 2nd-stage juvenile root-knot nematodes in 100 cm ≥ of soil. Knowledge of the percent loss in corn grain due to southern rootknot nematode populations can provide additional guidance for use of risk thresholds when growers are making management decisions. Accepted for publication 21 June 2008. Published 10 September 2008.

The Arabidopsis thaliana papain-like cysteine protease RD21 interacts with a root-knot nematode effector protein

Nematology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 655-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura J. Davies ◽  
Lei Zhang ◽  
Axel A. Elling
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Cysteine Protease ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Effector Protein ◽  
Yeast Two Hybrid ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Stage Juvenile ◽  
Two Hybrid

The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne chitwoodi secretes effector proteins into the cells of host plants to manipulate plant-derived processes in order to achieve successful parasitism. Mc1194 is a M. chitwoodi effector that is highly expressed in pre-parasitic second-stage juvenile nematodes. Yeast two-hybrid assays revealed Mc1194 specifically interacts with a papain-like cysteine protease (PLCP), RD21A in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mc1194 interacts with both the protease and granulin domains of RD21A. PLCPs are targeted by effectors secreted by bacterial, fungal and oomycete pathogens and the hypersusceptibility of rd21-1 mutants to M. chitwoodi indicates RD21A plays a role in plant-parasitic nematode infection.

scholarly journals Potential of Inula racemosa root extract and its fractions to suppress root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 1090-1096
Author(s):  
Ramandeep Kaur ◽  
K. K. Chahal ◽  
N. K. Dhillon ◽  
Urvashi Bhardwaj
Keyword(s):  
Meloidogyne Incognita ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Inula Racemosa ◽  
Nonpolar Fraction ◽  
Maximum Inhibition

Nematicidal potential of chloroform root extract of Inula racemosa and its fractions was investigated on egg hatching and mortality of root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Egg masses and second stage juveniles (J2) of M. incognita were exposed to different concentrations (0.1-8.0 mg ml-1) of I. racemosa root extract and its fractions. Observations on egg hatch were recorded on 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th and 9th day and those of mortality studies were recorded on 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th and 10th day, respectively. Significant mortality as well as egg hatch inhibition was observed for all the tested components at 5 %. The root extract was found to be most effective in controlling egg hatching as complete inhibition was observed at 8.0 mg ml-1 concentration on 1stday of treatment and nonpolar fraction was most effective in causing mortality of J2 of M. incognita as 100 % inhibition was observed at 6.0 and 8.0 mg ml-1 concentration on 2nd day of treatment. Maximum inhibition of egg hatching was observed for root extract at 8.0 mg ml-1 concentration and 100 % mortality was observed for root extract as well as nonpolar fraction at the same concentration. The nonpolar fraction was most effective in causing mortality as maximum mortality was observed at 6.0 and 8.0 mg ml-1 concentration throughout the exposure time. Polar fraction was least effective among all the components both in egg hatch inhibition and J2 mortality of M. incognita. Both the activities showed concentrations as well as time dependence. Results show different role of tested components on egg hatching and mortality of root knot nematode. The root extract of I. racemosa and its fractions showed a potential to develop new nematicide.

scholarly journals Inoculum Level and Inoculation Method Influences on the Pathogenic Activities of Meloidogyne incognita in Studied Model Plant Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench)

2021 ◽  
pp. 82-92
Author(s):  
Yadom Y. F. R. Kouakou ◽  
Kouamé Daniel Kra ◽  
Hortense Atta Diallo
Keyword(s):  
Meloidogyne Incognita ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Reproductive Factor ◽  
Inoculum Level ◽  
Root Explants ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Inoculation Method ◽  
Gall Index

Agricultural activities such as watering crops with nematode-infested water from wells and boreholes, and using infected plant debris as manure or mulch increase root-knot nematode infection. So, this study aims at assessing the influence of the inoculation method and inoculum level of Meloidogyne incognita on the development of root galls on okra plants. Two M. incognita inoculation methods (suspension of individuals and galled root explants) and six inoculum levels (0, 10, 100, 500, 1000 and 2000 second-stage larvae/plant) were studied. The gall index, total numbers and reproductive factor of M. incognita were used to assess the effect of treatments on root gall development. Unlike the reproductive factor, gall index and the total numbers of M. incognita increased with their inoculum level. The pathogenic activities of M. incognita were most significant when crop soils were infested with galled root explants. However, an inverse relationship was found between the inoculum levels of M. incognita and the okra plant’s development. It is reflected by negative correlation coefficients ranging from -0.90 to -0.62. It is therefore important to burn roots infected with root-knot nematodes left in fields so that they do not act as an inoculum for crops.

A fodder sorghum cultivar, ‘Kyushuko 3 go’, suppresses root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita

Nematology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 489-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaku Murata ◽  
Tomoyuki Takai ◽  
Kenta Uesugi
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Meloidogyne Incognita ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Root Penetration ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Fodder Production

Summary Commercially available sorghum cultivars were tested for resistance to Meloidogyne incognita in order to select cultivars that combine fodder production with M. incognita population management. Initially in a pot test with 12 sorghum cultivars, ‘Kyushuko 3 go’, a sorghum hybrid, supported very low M. incognita reproduction approximately 40 days after inoculation (dai) with 500 second-stage juveniles (J2) pot−1, similar to the resistant green manure ‘Tsuchitaro’. Further tests for development of M. incognita in roots (20 dai with 150 J2 (root system)−1) indicated that the resistance of ‘Kyushuko 3 go’ acts after nematode root penetration. In field tests in 2015 and 2016, ‘Kyushuko 3 go’ suppressed M. incognita population densities, although some variations in field conditions may influence reproduction of M. incognita on ‘Kyushuko 3 go’. These findings demonstrated M. incognita-resistant fodder sorghum cultivars could be a useful alternative to susceptible cultivars for root-knot nematode management.

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