Non-aligned good power? Status enhancement of early post-independence Kazakhstan

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Martina Varkočková
Keyword(s):  
Status Enhancement

scholarly journals Ecological variation in wealth–fertility relationships in Mongolia: the ‘central theoretical problem of sociobiology’ not a problem after all?

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1796) ◽  
pp. 20141733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Alvergne ◽  
Virpi Lummaa
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Theoretical Problem ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Mass Privatization ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Socioeconomic Success ◽  
Status Enhancement

The negative wealth–fertility relationship brought about by market integration remains a puzzle to classic evolutionary models. Evolutionary ecologists have argued that this phenomenon results from both stronger trade-offs between reproductive and socioeconomic success in the highest social classes and the comparison of groups rather than individuals. Indeed, studies in contemporary low fertility settings have typically used aggregated samples that may mask positive wealth–fertility relationships. Furthermore, while much evidence attests to trade-offs between reproductive and socioeconomic success, few studies have explicitly tested the idea that such constraints are intensified by market integration. Using data from Mongolia, a post-socialist nation that underwent mass privatization, we examine wealth–fertility relationships over time and across a rural–urban gradient. Among post-reproductive women, reproductive fitness is the lowest in urban areas, but increases with wealth in all regions. After liberalization, a demographic–economic paradox emerges in urban areas: while educational attainment negatively impacts female fertility in all regions, education uniquely provides socioeconomic benefits in urban contexts. As market integration progresses, socio-economic returns to education increase and women who limit their reproduction to pursue education get wealthier. The results support the view that selection favoured mechanisms that respond to opportunities for status enhancement rather than fertility maximization.

Chimeras, Superchimps, and Post-persons

2021 ◽  
pp. 197-214
Author(s):  
Sarah Chan
Keyword(s):  
Moral Status ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Biological Species ◽  
Species Boundaries ◽  
Human Species ◽  
The World ◽  
Species Boundary ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Moral Properties ◽  
Status Enhancement

In the world of contemporary biotechnology, our thinking about species and moral status is being challenged in new ways. First, the creation of interspecies chimeras, in disrupting the human/non-human species boundary, forces us also to go beyond species boundaries in considering how to determine the moral status of these new beings. Second, the possibility of moral status enhancement (or at least enhancing the capacities that on some accounts give rise to moral status), both for non-human animals and for humans, may lead to members of existing biological species having new moral properties, or perhaps even the creation of new ‘moral species’. This chapter explores normative and conceptual challenges raised by the prospect of crossing both biological and moral ‘species boundaries’. It examines the implications of species transitions in relation to identity, obligations towards existing beings and beings that might be created via the species transition process; and reflects on how this might advance our thinking about moral status.

What Preoperative Optimization Should Be Implemented to Reduce the Risk of Surgical Site Infection/Periprosthetic Joint Infection (SSI/PJI) in Patients Undergoing Total Ankle Arthroplasty (TAA)?

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 6S-8S ◽  
Author(s):  
Khaled Emara ◽  
Christopher B. Hirose ◽  
Ryan Rogero
Keyword(s):  
Joint Infection ◽  
Total Ankle Arthroplasty ◽  
Site Infection ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Ankle Arthroplasty ◽  
Preoperative Optimization ◽  
Control Body ◽  
Skin Cleansing ◽  
Status Enhancement ◽  
Timely Administration

Recommendation: We recommend that patients awaiting total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) be optimized prior to surgery by implementing skin cleansing, nutritional status enhancement, glycemic control, body mass index (BMI) optimization, smoking cessation, and management of immune-modulating comorbidities. At the time of surgery, there is strong evidence that optimal preparation of the surgical site with an alcohol-containing agent, weight-based and timely administration of antibiotic prophylaxis, and reducing operating room traffic should also be put in place. Level of Evidence: Moderate. Delegate Vote: Agree: 100%, Disagree: 0%, Abstain: 0% (Unanimous, Strongest Consensus)

Gender Differences in Intended Escalatory Tendencies Among Marital Partners

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (18) ◽  
pp. 3599-3617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeev Winstok ◽  
Murray A. Straus
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Physical Aggression ◽  
Role Theory ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Male Partner ◽  
Social Role Theory ◽  
Sexual Selection Theory ◽  
Status Enhancement

This study addresses the intended escalatory tendency in eight hypothetical situations in which the provocator’s identity (partner or stranger, male or female) and the provocation form (verbal or physical aggression) were manipulated. The research question is “how does the identity of the provocator and the form of his or her provocation affect the participant’s intended escalation level, and does the gender of the participant affect differences in intended escalation level?” The research sample consisted of 208 Israeli couples. The main finding is that women’s intended response to their male partner is more escalatory than men’s intended response to their female partner. Results also show that women’s escalation is the most severe to partner provocation and the least severe to male strangers’ provocation. Men’s escalation is the most severe to provocation by male strangers and the least severe to their partner’s provocation. Findings indicate that men’s intention to escalate decreases as their partner’s provocation becomes more severe. The severity of provocation has little effect on women’s inten–tion to escalate. Such results are consistent with social role theory and sexual selection theory that maintain that status enhancement is more important for men than for women, and is more important for men than risk reduction is, whereas the opposite is true for women.

scholarly journals Happiness, altruism and the Prius effect

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vaughan Reimers ◽  
Bryce Magnuson ◽  
Fred Chao
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Consumer Attitudes ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Self Identity ◽  
Environmentally Responsible ◽  
Perceived Consumer Effectiveness ◽  
Status Enhancement ◽  
Survey Approach

Purpose Academic research and consumer polls often report strong consumer support for environmentally responsible products (ERPs), and yet the proportion of sales they account for is often comparatively small. The purpose of this paper is to address one of the purported reasons behind this “attitude-behaviour gap” by measuring the influence of six relatively untested factors on consumer attitudes towards environmentally responsible clothing (ERC). Design/methodology/approach This study employed a consumer household sample. It also used a quantitative survey approach to collect its data and structural equation modelling to analyse it. Findings Of the six factors, four were found to have a significant influence on consumer attitudes: altruism, status enhancement, perceived consumer effectiveness (PCE) and happiness. Originality/value Altruism, environmental concern, PCE and self-identity have consistently featured in other environmental contexts, but less so in the specific context of ERC. Happiness and status enhancement have yet to appear in any study relating to the purchase of ERPs.

scholarly journals DISABILITY, STATUS ENHANCEMENT, PERSONAL ENHANCEMENT AND RESOURCE ALLOCATION

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Wolff
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Disabled People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Disability Status ◽  
Material Environment ◽  
The Disabled ◽  
The Face ◽  
Scarcity Of Resources ◽  
Status Enhancement

It often appears that the most appropriate form of addressing disadvantage related to disability is through policies that can be called “status enhancements”: changes to the social, cultural and material environment so that the difficulties experienced by those with impairments are reduced, even eradicated. However, status enhancements can also have their limitations. This paper compares the relative merits of policies of status enhancement and “personal enhancement”: changes to the disabled person. It then takes up the question of how to assess the priority of the claims of disabled people in the face of scarcity of resources for which there can be many competing social claims, arguing for the theory of “declustering disadvantage”.

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