The validity and reliability of a novel app for the measurement of change of direction performance

The validity and reliability of the Optojump system were investigated for jumping height and flight time in vertical jump tests. Conversely, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the validity and reliability of the Optojump system for measuring contact time and lateral displacement in change of direction and lateral jump tests. Thirty basketball collegiate athletes were tested on two 10 m sprints with a 60° (COD60) or 180° (COD180) change of direction, lateral controlled (CLRJ) and maximal (MLRJ) rebound jump, and lateral countermovement (LCMJ) and squat (LSJ) jump with the concomitant use of two force plates and the Optojump system for the measurement of contact time in COD60, COD180, CLRJ, MLRJ, and lateral jumping distance in all the lateral jump tests. Almost perfect coefficients (r ≥ 0.95) emerged for contact time in COD60, COD180, CLRJ, MLRJ, although a systematic bias was found for COD60 (−0.01 s). Good-to-excellent reliability was found for almost all the measurements of contact time and lateral jumping distance for change of direction and lateral jump tests. Therefore, the use of Optojump system for testing change of direction and lateral jumping abilities should be executed with caution, avoiding misinterpretation of data.

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Change-of-Direction Ability of Para-Footballers With Cerebral Palsy Under a New Evidence-Based and Sport-Specific Classification System

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2019-0656 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Iván Peña-González ◽

Alba Roldan ◽

Carlos Toledo ◽

Tomás Urbán ◽

Raúl Reina

Keyword(s):

Cerebral Palsy ◽

Classification System ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Football Players ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

New Classification ◽

Change Of Direction ◽

Speed Test ◽

Highly Correlated ◽

New Evidence

Purpose: This study aimed (1) to explore the validity and reliability of a new and specific change-of-direction (COD) test that requires dribbling skills to classify international footballers with cerebral palsy (CP) and compare it with another valid and reliable COD test without ball dribbling and (2) to probe whether both tests can discriminate between the new CP football classes (ie, FT1, FT2, and FT3) established worldwide in 2018. Methods: This study involved 180 international para-footballers with CP from 23 national teams at the 3 regional competitions held in 2018. They performed 2 COD tests, the modified agility test (no dribbling skills) and the dribbling speed test (DST). Results: Reliability was excellent for both the modified agility test (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]2,1 = .91, SEM = 5.75%) and the DST (ICC2,1 = .92, SEM = 4.66%). The modified agility test and DST results were highly to very highly correlated to one another for the whole group and considering the sport classes (r = .60–.80; P < .001). A 1-way analysis of variance showed significant differences between sport classes in both tests (P < .001). However, among classes, there were significant differences between FT1 and FT2 and FT3 (P < .01, effect size = large) and low to moderate effect sizes between FT2 and FT3 for either test. Conclusion: The DST appears to be valid and reliable to classify CP football players within the new classification system. Regression analysis revealed that 18.2% of the variance in the new sport classes could be explained by the 2 examined tests.

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Validity and Reliability of a New Test of Change of Direction in Fencing Athletes

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17124545 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (12) ◽

pp. 4545

Author(s):

Hichem Chtara ◽

Yassine Negra ◽

Helmi Chaabene ◽

Moktar Chtara ◽

John Cronin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Roc Analysis ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Squat Jump ◽

Sprint Time ◽

Change Of Direction ◽

Typical Error ◽

Jump Test ◽

Better Than ◽

Error Of Measurement

The aim of this study was to validate a new test of change of direction (COD) for fencer athletes and to establish its relationship with selected measures of physical fitness. Thirty-nine fencer athletes participated to this study (age: 20.8 ± 3.0 years). They performed the new specific fencing COD test (SFCODT) on two separate occasions to establish its reliability. In addition, assessment of COD, jumping ability (i.e., squat jump, countermovement jump, five jump test), sprint time (e.g., 5-m, 10-m and 20-m), isokinetic concentric and eccentric quadriceps, and hamstring force tests were assessed. To establish SFCODT’s construct validity, two subgroups were identified based on their international and national fencing results: High- vs. low-ranked fencer athletes. Reliability, validity, and sensitivity of the SFCODT were established from the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), typical error of measurement (TEM), smallest worthwhile change (SWC), and receiving operator characteristic (ROC) analysis. The ICC of SFCODT was excellent at >0.95, and the TEM was < 5%. Based on the usefulness analysis, the ability to detect small performance changes can be rated as “good” in fencer athletes (SWC > TEM). SFCODT was very largely associated with the COD test and moderate to very large associated with jumping ability, sprint time, and isokinetic strength. High-ranked fencer athletes were better than low-ranked fencer athletes on SFCODT (p < 0.01). The area under the ROC curve was 0.76. In conclusion, the SFCODT is a highly reliable, valid, and sensitive test. Therefore, the SFCODT could be used by practitioners to evaluate specific CODS performance in fencer athletes.

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Convergent validity and reliability of a novel repeated agility protocol in junior rugby league players

F1000Research ◽

10.12688/f1000research.23129.2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. 624

Author(s):

Anthony Nicholls ◽

Anthony Leicht ◽

Jonathan Connor ◽

Aaron Halliday ◽

Kenji Doma

Keyword(s):

Physical Fitness ◽

High Intensity ◽

Convergent Validity ◽

Rugby League ◽

Intensity Change ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Intra Class Correlation ◽

Change Of Direction ◽

Test Retest Reliability ◽

Intra Class Correlation Coefficient

Background: : Rugby league involves repeated, complex, and high intensity change-of-direction (COD) movements with no existing test protocols that specifically assesses these multiple physical fitness components simultaneously. Thus, the current study examined the convergent validity of a repeated Illinois Agility (RIA) protocol with the repeated T-agility protocol, and the repeatability of the RIA protocol in adolescent Rugby League players. Furthermore, aerobic capacity and anaerobic and COD performance were assessed to determine whether these physical qualities were important contributors to the RIA protocol. Methods: Twenty-two junior Rugby League players completed 4 sessions with each separated by 7 days. Initially, physical fitness characteristics at baseline (i.e., Beep test,, countermovement jump, 30-m sprint, single-effort COD and repeated sprint ability [RSA]) were assessed. The second session involved a familiarisation of RIA and repeated T-agility test (RTT) protocols. During the third and fourth sessions, participants completed the RIA and RTT protocols in a randomised, counterbalanced design to examine the validity and test-retest reliability of these protocols. Results: For convergent validity, significant correlations were identified between RIA and RTT performances (r= >0.80; p<0.05). For contributors to RIA performance, significant correlations were identified between all baseline fitness characteristics and RIA (r = >0.71; p < 0.05). Reliability of the RIA protocol was near perfect with excellent intra-class correlation coefficient (0.87-0.97), good ratio limits of agreement (×/÷ 1.05-1.06) and low coefficient of variations (1.8-2.0%). Conclusions: The current study has demonstrated the RIA to be a simple, valid and reliable field test for RL athletes that can provide coaches with information about their team’s ability to sustain high intensity, multi-directional running efforts.

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Convergent validity and reliability of a novel repeated agility protocol in junior rugby league players

F1000Research ◽

10.12688/f1000research.23129.3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. 624

Author(s):

Anthony Nicholls ◽

Anthony Leicht ◽

Jonathan Connor ◽

Aaron Halliday ◽

Kenji Doma

Keyword(s):

Physical Fitness ◽

High Intensity ◽

Convergent Validity ◽

Rugby League ◽

Intensity Change ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Change Of Direction ◽

Multi Stage ◽

Test Retest Reliability ◽

Intra Class Correlation Coefficient

Background: : Rugby league involves repeated, complex, and high intensity change-of-direction (COD) movements with no existing test protocols that specifically assesses these multiple physical fitness components simultaneously. Thus, the current study examined the convergent validity of a repeated Illinois Agility (RIA) protocol with the repeated T-agility protocol, and the repeatability of the RIA protocol in adolescent Rugby League players. Furthermore, aerobic capacity and anaerobic and COD performance were assessed to determine whether these physical qualities were important contributors to the RIA protocol. Methods: Twenty-two junior Rugby League players completed 4 sessions with each separated by 7 days. Initially, physical fitness characteristics at baseline (i.e., Multi-stage Shuttle test, countermovement jump, 30-m sprint, single-effort COD and repeated sprint ability [RSA]) were assessed. The second session involved a familiarisation of RIA and repeated T-agility test (RTT) protocols. During the third and fourth sessions, participants completed the RIA and RTT protocols in a randomised, counterbalanced design to examine the validity and test-retest reliability of these protocols. Results: For convergent validity, significant correlations were identified between RIA and RTT performances (r= >0.80; p<0.05). For contributors to RIA performance, significant correlations were identified between all baseline fitness characteristics and RIA (r = >0.71; p < 0.05). Reliability of the RIA protocol was near perfect with excellent intra-class correlation coefficient (0.87-0.97), good ratio limits of agreement (×/÷ 1.05-1.06) and low coefficient of variations (1.8-2.0%). Conclusions: The current study has demonstrated the RIA to be a simple, valid and reliable field test for RL athletes that can provide coaches with information about their team’s ability to sustain high intensity, multi-directional running efforts.

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Validity and Reliability of a Phone App and Stopwatch for the Measurement of 505 Change of Direction Performance: A Test-Retest Study Design

Frontiers in Physiology ◽

10.3389/fphys.2021.743800 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Zhili Chen ◽

Chao Bian ◽

Kaifang Liao ◽

Chris Bishop ◽

Yongming Li

Keyword(s):

Completion Time ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Large Error ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Basketball Players ◽

Change Of Direction ◽

Observer Reliability ◽

The Right ◽

Test Retest Reliability ◽

Lower Correlation

Purpose: The aim of this study was to explore the validity and reliability of a phone app [named: change of direction (COD) timer] and stopwatches for the measurement of COD performance.Methods: Sixty-two youth basketball players (age: 15.9±1.4yrs., height: 178.8±11.0cm, and body mass: 70.0±14.1kg) performed six trials of 505 COD test (with the left side being the plant leg first, then the right side). The completion time was measured simultaneously via timing gates (with error correction processing algorithms), the phone app, and stopwatches.Results: There was an almost perfect correlation and agreement between timing gates and COD timer (r=0.978; SEE=0.035s; and LoA=−0.08~0.06s), but a lower correlation and agreement between timing gates and stopwatch (r=0.954; SEE=0.050s; and LoA=−0.17~0.04s) with statistical significance in completion time (ES=1.29, 95%CI: 1.15–1.43, p<0.01). The coefficient of variation revealed similar level of dispersion between the three timing devices (timing gates: 6.58%; COD timer: 6.32%; and stopwatch: 6.71%). Inter-observer reliability (ICC=0.991) and test-retest reliability (ICC=0.998) were excellent in COD timer, while the inter-observer reliability was lower (ICC=0.890) in the stopwatches.Conclusion: In the 505 COD test, the COD timer was able to provide a valid and reliable measurement. On the contrary, stopwatch was not recommended because of large error. Thus, if timing gates are unavailable, practitioners can adopt the COD timer app to assess 505 COD speed times.

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Convergent validity and reliability of a novel repeated agility protocol in junior rugby league players

F1000Research ◽

10.12688/f1000research.23129.1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. 624

Author(s):

Anthony Nicholls ◽

Anthony Leicht ◽

Jonathan Connor ◽

Aaron Halliday ◽

Kenji Doma

Keyword(s):

Physical Fitness ◽

Convergent Validity ◽

Rugby League ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Intra Class Correlation ◽

Change Of Direction ◽

Multi Stage ◽

Test Retest Reliability ◽

Intra Class Correlation Coefficient ◽

Baseline Fitness

Background: Rugby league involves repeated, complex, change-of-direction movements, although there are no test protocols that specifically assesses these physical fitness profiles. Thus, the current study examined the convergent validity and reliability of a repeated Illinois Agility (RIA) protocol in adolescent Rugby League players. Methods: Twenty-two junior Rugby League players completed 4 sessions with each separated by 7 days. Initially, physical fitness characteristics at baseline (i.e., multi-stage fitness, countermovement jump, 30-m sprint, single-effort agility and repeated sprint ability [RSA]) were assessed. The second session involved a familiarisation of RIA and repeated T-agility test (RTT) protocols. During the third and fourth sessions, participants completed the RIA and RTT protocols in a randomised, counterbalanced design to examine the validity and test-retest reliability of these protocols. Results: For convergent validity, significant correlations were identified between RIA and RTT performances (r= >0.80; p<0.05). For contributors to RIA performance, significant correlations were identified between all baseline fitness characteristics and RIA (r = >0.71; p < 0.05). Reliability of the RIA protocol was near perfect with excellent intra-class correlation coefficient (0.87-0.97), good ratio limits of agreement (×/÷ 1.05-1.06) and low coefficient of variations (1.77-1.97%). Conclusions: The current study has demonstrated the RIA to be a simple, valid and reliable field test that can provide coaches with information about their athlete’s ability to sustain high intensity, multi-directional running efforts.

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Validity and Reliability of a 10 Hz GPS for Assessing Variable and Mean Running Speed

Journal of Human Kinetics ◽

10.2478/hukin-2018-0084 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 67 (1) ◽

pp. 17-24 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

A. Vanessa Bataller-Cervero ◽

Héctor Gutierrez ◽

Jacobo DeRentería ◽

Eduardo Piedrafita ◽

Noel Marcén ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Validity And Reliability ◽

Running Speed ◽

Change Of Direction ◽

Second Stage ◽

Typical Error ◽

Perfect Correlation ◽

Straight Line ◽

Acceleration And Deceleration ◽

Instantaneous Speed ◽

Gps Devices

AbstractOur purpose was to assess the 10 Hz Viper GPS devices’ validity and reliability (STATSport) in both instantaneous and mean speed measuring in accelerations and decelerations in straight-line running conditions. Eight amateur team sport players participated in the study, performing firstly 21 x 40 m sprints at submaximal incremental speed, and secondly 21 x 40 m sprints, with the first stage consisting of submaximal incremental speed, and the second stage of subsequent submaximal decreasing speed. Criteria systems used to evaluate the GPS validity were a radar gun for instantaneous speed, and timing-gates for mean speed. Reliability was measured with two GPS devices carried by the same athlete, running 10 x (20 m + 20 m) sprints with a 180º change of direction and a 10 s inter-set rest interval. Results showed an agreement between GPS devices and the criteria systems measuring instantaneous speed (r = 0.98; standardized mean bias (SMB) = -0.07; standard typical error (STE) = 0.22) and mean speed (r = 0.99; SMB = 0.38; STE = 0.17). The reliability study presented a nearly perfect correlation between devices, a trivial SMB and a small STE (r = 0.97; SMB = 0.04; STE = 0.23). 10 Hz GPS devices are an adequate solution to monitor straight-line running speed in acceleration and deceleration conditions, but we would like to draw attention to the small errors and bias detected, such as the speed overestimation compared with timing gates.

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Validity and Reliability of 10-Hz Global Positioning System to Assess In-line Movement and Change of Direction

Frontiers in Physiology ◽

10.3389/fphys.2018.00228 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Pantelis T. Nikolaidis ◽

Filipe M. Clemente ◽

Cornelis M. I. van der Linden ◽

Thomas Rosemann ◽

Beat Knechtle

Keyword(s):

Global Positioning System ◽

Positioning System ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Change Of Direction ◽

Global Positioning ◽

Line Movement

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Validity and Reliability of Mobile Applications for Assessing Strength, Power, Velocity, and Change-of-Direction: A Systematic Review

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21082623 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (8) ◽

pp. 2623

Author(s):

Rui Silva ◽

Markel Rico-González ◽

Ricardo Lima ◽

Zeki Akyildiz ◽

José Pino-Ortega ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Mobile Applications ◽

Movement Time ◽

Upper Body ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Systematic Bias ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Movement Velocity ◽

Change Of Direction ◽

Meta Analyses

This systematic review aimed to (1) identify and summarize studies that have examined the validity of apps for measuring human strength, power, velocity, and change-of-direction, and (2) identify and summarize studies that have examined the reliability of apps for measuring human strength, power, velocity, and change-of-direction. A systematic review of Cochrane Library, EBSCO, PubMed, Scielo, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases was performed, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. From the 435 studies initially identified, 23 were fully reviewed, and their outcome measures were extracted and analyzed. In total, 11 mobile applications were analyzed and summarized for their validity and reliability to test movement velocity, movement time, movement displacement, power output, and workload. The present systematic review revealed that the tested apps are valid and reliable for measuring bar movement velocity during lower and upper body resistance exercises; however, systematic bias was detected with heavier loads.

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