Does Binocular Disparity or Familiar Size Information Override Effects of Relative Size on Judgements of Time to Contact?

2005 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 865-886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia R. DeLucia
Keyword(s):  
Binocular Disparity ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Depth Information ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Familiar Size ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Time To Contact ◽  
Size Information ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Do So

Previous studies indicate that non-tau sources of depth information, such as pictorial depth cues, can influence judgements of time to contact (TTC). The effect of relative size on such judgements, the size-arrival effect, is particularly robust. However, earlier studies of the size-arrival effect did not include binocular disparity or familiar size information. The effects of these cues on relative TTC judgements were measured. Results suggested that disparity can eliminate the size-arrival effect but that the amount of disparity needed to do so is greater than typical stereoacuity thresholds. In contrast, familiar size eliminated the size-arrival effect even when disparity information was not available. Furthermore, disparity contributed more to performance when familiar size was present than when it was absent. Consistent with previous studies, TTC judgements were influenced by multiple sources of information. The present results suggested further that familiar size is one such source of information and that familiar size moderates the influence of binocular disparity information.

scholarly journals Confidence Predictions Affect Performance Confidence and Neural Preparation in Perceptual Decision Making.

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Marike Schiffer ◽  
Annika Boldt ◽  
Florian Waszak ◽  
Nick Yeung
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Color Discrimination ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Perceptual Decision Making ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Confidence Judgments ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Preparation And Evaluation ◽  
Confidence Estimate

The decisions we make are usually accompanied by a feeling of being wrong or right – a confidence estimate regarding the correctness of our decisions. The questions which information this confidence estimate is based on, and what confidence is used for, have increasingly become a focus of research into decision-making. This research has largely focused on confidence regarding current or past decisions, and successfully identified for example how characteristics of the stimulus affect confidence, and how communicating confidence can affect group decisions. Here, we report two studies which implemented a color-discrimination task which introduced a novel metacognitive measure: predictions of confidence for future perceptual decisions. Using behavioral measures, computational modeling, and EEG, we tested the hypothesis that experience-based confidence predictions are one source of information which affects how confident we are in future decision-making and that one key purpose of confidence is to prepare future encounters of a task. Results from both studies show that participants develop precise confidence predictions informed by confidence experienced in past trials. Notably, our results show a bi-directional link between predicted and experienced (performance) confidence: confidence predictions are not only informed by, but can also modulate performance confidence; this finding supports our recent proposal that confidence judgments are based on multiple sources of information, including expectations. We found further support for this bi-directional link in neural correlates of stimulus-preparation and processing. EEG measures of preparatory neural activity (contingent negative variation; CNV) and evidence accumulation (centro-parietal positivity; CPP) show that predicted confidence affects neural preparation for stimulus processing, supporting the proposal that one purpose of confidence judgments may be to learn about performance for future encounters and prepare accordingly.Taken together, our results suggest that confidence integrates information from various sources, and affects neural processing profoundly. The bi-directional link between performance confidence and predicted confidence suggests that confidence signals are exploited to increase precision in preparation and evaluation of future decisions.

Countertransference in the Rorschach Situation as a Clue to the Patient’s Affective Functioning

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilie Deschenaux ◽  
Serge Lecours ◽  
Julie Doyon ◽  
Rachel Briand-Malenfant
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Communication ◽  
Affect Regulation ◽  
Projective Identification ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Affective Experience ◽  
Mental Functioning ◽  
External Agent ◽  
Emotional Events ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Do So

The Rorschach inkblot method (RIM) is a procedure that challenges an individual’s capacities for regulating affective experience. An individual who cannot self-regulate and needs an external agent to do so will find the Rorschach task particularly difficult. Distress is a manifestation of self-regulating difficulties which can lead to interpersonal regulation. Projective identification is a mechanism for regulating intense affects which has been linked with countertransference, and has been defined as the reactions and manifestations in the person of the analyst to the contents projected into him by the patient. Therefore, the clinician’s reactions to his patient are now considered important sources of information about the patient’s mental functioning. In the present study, we empirically evaluated the examiner’s experience and CS variables related to affect regulation, in order to see if it can be used as a source of information about the mental functioning of patients. A sample of 30 participants were administered the Rorschach, and both participants and examiners self-reported their affective experience of the Rorschach situation with the PANAS-m. We found that the emotional experiences of the examinee that have the strongest impact on the examiner (hostile, overwhelmed-invaded, emptied) seem to possess a specific quality. They appear to consist of important aspects of the experience of distress (overwhelmed-invaded and emptied), with hostile features. When looking at CS variables, affect regulation linked variables were found to be generally unrelated to the examiner’s affective experience during the administration of the RIM, except for the affective ratio (Afr), which appeared to be somewhat protective of an interpersonal communication of sadness and emptiness. However, indicators of self and interpersonal perceptions from the CS were found to be quite strongly related to the examiner’s experience during the administration: Morbid content (MOR) and aggressive movement (AG). Thus, a reduced interest in emotional events, a pessimistic view of the self and the anticipation of aggressive exchanges with others appear to be associated with a tendency to regulate painful affects or distress interpersonally.

scholarly journals Multiple sources of information and time-to-contact judgments

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. 1946-1958 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nam-Gyoon Kim ◽  
Michael J. Grocki
Keyword(s):  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Time To Contact

Use of Global Optical Flow Rate and Discontinuity Rate Depends on Their Validity as Determinants of Egospeed

1998 ◽  
Vol 42 (22) ◽  
pp. 1540-1544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry G. Ballard ◽  
Tony Roach ◽  
Brian P. Dyre
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Optical Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Frame Rate ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Relative Validity ◽  
Self Motion ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Information Frame

Previous research found both discontinuity rate and global optical flow rate contribute to the perception of egospeed but differed in estimates of which source of information dominated. This research examined two methodological differences that may explain the conflicting results: frame rate, and the relative validity of discontinuity rate and flow rate as determinants of egospeed. Observers estimated egospeed perceived during simulations of self-motion. Discontinuity rate and flow rate were manipulated independently by varying velocity and altitude. Frame rates were consistent with Dyre (1997) and the validity of discontinuity rate and flow rate as determinants of egospeed was varied. We found the relative use of discontinuity rate and flow rate was related to the validity of these sources of information. Frame rate was not an important factor. These results suggest the visual system is sensitive to multiple sources of information for perceiving egospeed and adapts to the most optimal source.

Estimates of Time to Contact Based on Changing Size and Changing Target Vergence

Perception ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 549-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert Heuer
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Object ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Lateral Separation ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Time To Contact ◽  
Conflicting Information ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Powerful Stimulus ◽  
Constant Distance ◽  
Information Changing

Apparent constant-velocity approaches of an outline circle were generated by changing the size and/or the lateral separation of dichoptically presented circles at a physically constant distance from subjects. The lateral separation of the circles defines target vergence which corresponds proximally to combinations of ocular vergence and (absolute) retinal disparity. In the first experiment, estimates of time to contact were found to depend both on changing size and on changing target vergence; in the case of conflicting information, changing size turned out to be the more powerful stimulus. In the second experiment, the size of the stimulus object was varied. The relatively stronger influence of changing size on estimates of time to contact was again found for the larger stimulus objects, but for the smaller stimulus objects changing target vergence became more powerful. The results of both experiments show that estimates of time to contact are not uniquely determined by changing size, as seems to be implied by some tests of the so-called ‘tau hypothesis’, but that they are based on multiple sources of information that have situationally specific effects on the estimates.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Sumber Informasi dan Dukungan Kelembagaan terhadap Kemandirian Petani di Provinsi Sumatera Selatan

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-84
Author(s):  
Ali Alamsyah Kusumadinata ◽  
Sumardjo Sumardjo ◽  
Dwi Sadono ◽  
Burhanuddin Burhanuddin
Keyword(s):  
Information Sources ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Survey Methods ◽  
Depth Information ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Land Preparation ◽  
Local Site ◽  
Farmer Groups ◽  
Weak Independence ◽  
Source Of Information

The weak independence of farmers in managing farming is characterized by weak levels of farmer production and selling prices that are still determined by market conditions. The information sources owned by farmers are not strong enough to help farmers in analyzing problems faced by farmers ranging from land preparation, cultivation, harvesting to post-harvest. Therefore, the study aimed to look at the influence of agricultural information sources on the support of the institutional environment of farmers on the independence of farmers. This research used a quantitative approach with survey methods in Ogan Ilir Districts and Banyuasin Districts, South Sumatera Province. This study used a sample of 294 farmers who joined farmer groups. This research showed that the weak source of information used by farmers and the low support of the institutional environment results in the farmers' independence being quite weak. Farmers have not been able to build competitiveness, filter and partnership in the scope of their lives up to farmer groups. The independent model of farmers was able to explain 91% of sources of information and institutional environment support. Therefore, it was necessary to strengthen accurate, correct, in-depth information and adapt it to local site conditions.

Supporting the Development of Clinical Reasoning of Preprofessional Novices in Dysphagia Management

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (03) ◽  
pp. 151-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Doeltgen ◽  
Stacie Attrill ◽  
Joanne Murray
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Reasoning ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Implicit Processing ◽  
Reasoning Skills

AbstractProficient clinical reasoning is a critical skill in high-quality, evidence-based management of swallowing impairment (dysphagia). Clinical reasoning in this area of practice is a cognitively complex process, as it requires synthesis of multiple sources of information that are generated during a thorough, evidence-based assessment process and which are moderated by the patient's individual situations, including their social and demographic circumstances, comorbidities, or other health concerns. A growing body of health and medical literature demonstrates that clinical reasoning skills develop with increasing exposure to clinical cases and that the approaches to clinical reasoning differ between novices and experts. It appears that it is not the amount of knowledge held, but the way it is used, that distinguishes a novice from an experienced clinician. In this article, we review the roles of explicit and implicit processing as well as illness scripts in clinical decision making across the continuum of medical expertise and discuss how they relate to the clinical management of swallowing impairment. We also reflect on how this literature may inform educational curricula that support SLP students in developing preclinical reasoning skills that facilitate their transition to early clinical practice. Specifically, we discuss the role of case-based curricula to assist students to develop a meta-cognitive awareness of the different approaches to clinical reasoning, their own capabilities and preferences, and how and when to apply these in dysphagia management practice.

scholarly journals Mobility Trends before and after the Pandemic Outbreak: Analyzing the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona through the Lens of Equality and Sustainability

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7908
Author(s):  
Lucía Mejía-Dorantes ◽  
Lídia Montero ◽  
Jaume Barceló
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Mobility Patterns ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Temporal Dimension ◽  
Population Groups ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Before And After

The spatial arrangement of a metropolis is of utmost importance to carry out daily activities, which are constrained by space and time. Accessibility is not only shaped by the spatial and temporal dimension, but it is also defined by individual characteristics, such as gender, impairments, or socioeconomic characteristics of the citizens living or commuting in this area. This study analyzes mobility trends and patterns in the metropolitan area of Barcelona before and after the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, with special emphasis on gender and equality. The study draws on multiple sources of information; however, two main datasets are analyzed: two traditional travel surveys from the transport metropolitan area of Barcelona and two coming from smartphone data. The results show that gender plays a relevant role when analyzing mobility patterns, as already highlighted in other studies, but, after the pandemic outbreak, some population groups were more likely to change their mobility patterns, for example, highly educated population groups and those with higher income. This study also highlights that e-activities may shape new mobility patterns and living conditions for some population segments, but some activities cannot be replaced by IT technologies. For all these reasons, city and transport planning should foster sustainable development policies, which will provide the maximum benefit for society.

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