Antifungal activity of the dill (Anethum graveolens L.) seed essential oil against strawberry anthracnose under in vitro and in vivo conditions

The essential oil obtained by the hydro-distillation of the leaves of Mentha arvensis Linnaeus was evaluated for its antifungal activity against the causal agent of the Alternaria blight of tomatoes, i.e., Alternaria alternata (Fries) Keissler. The antifungal activity of the mentha essential oil was assessed both in vitro and in vivo. The chemical composition of the mentha oil was also identified by GCMS analysis. The in vitro test revealed that the maximum inhibition in the mycelial growth (93.6%) and conidia germination (90.6%) was at the highest concentration (40 µL/mL), furthermore, it was found that the inhibition of the mycelial growth and conidia germination was dose dependent. The in vivo test proved that the application of the mentha essential oil (40 µL/mL) significantly increased the plant height (84.6%), fresh weight (81.5%) and dry weight (80.0%) when compared to the untreated tomato plants. The disease incidence was 3.5 in the untreated plants, while it was 0.93 for the mentha essential oil treated plants and was 0.08 in the carbendazim treated plants. The GC-MS analysis of the mentha essential oil identified 18 compounds in total, among which the percentage of menthol was the highest (69.2%). The mentha essential oil was successful in managing the Alternaria leaf blight in the tomato plants. Therefore, it can be explored further for the development of a natural fungicide.

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Effects of Origanum vulgare essential oil and its two main components, carvacrol and thymol, on the plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.9626 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. e9626

Author(s):

Huiyu Hou ◽

Xueying Zhang ◽

Te Zhao ◽

Lin Zhou

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Activity ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Spore Germination ◽

Gray Mold ◽

Origanum Vulgare ◽

Mycelium Growth ◽

Main Components

Background Botrytis cinerea causes serious gray mold disease in many plants. This pathogen has developed resistance to many fungicides. Thus, it has become necessary to look for new safe yet effective compounds against B. cinerea. Methods Essential oils (EOs) from 17 plant species were assayed against B. cinerea, of which Origanum vulgare essential oil (OVEO) showed strong antifungal activity, and accordingly its main components were detected by GC/MS. Further study was conducted on the effects of OVEO, carvacrol and thymol in vitro on mycelium growth and spore germination, mycelium morphology, leakages of cytoplasmic contents, mitochondrial injury and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) of B. cinerea. The control efficacies of OVEO, carvacrol and thymol on tomato gray mold were evaluated in vivo. Results Of all the 17 plant EOs tested, Cinnamomum cassia, Litsea cubeba var. formosana and O. vulgare EOs had the best inhibitory effect on B. cinerea, with 0.5 mg/mL completely inhibiting the mycelium growth of B. cinerea. Twenty-one different compounds of OVEO were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and the main chemical components were carvacrol (89.98%), β-caryophyllene (3.34%), thymol (2.39%), α-humulene (1.38%) and 1-methyl-2-propan-2-ylbenzene isopropyl benzene (1.36%). In vitro experiment showed EC50 values of OVEO, carvacrol and thymol were 140.04, 9.09 and 21.32 μg/mL, respectively. Carvacrol and thymol completely inhibited the spore germination of B. cinerea at the concentration of 300 μg/mL while the inhibition rate of OVEO was 80.03%. EC50 of carvacrol and thymol have significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the fresh and dry weight of mycelia. The collapse and damage on B. cinerea mycelia treated with 40 μg/mL of carvacrol and thymol was examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Through extracellular conductivity test and fluorescence microscope observation, it was found that carvacrol and thymol led to increase the permeability of target cells, the destruction of mitochondrial membrane and ROS accumulation. In vivo conditions, 1000 μg/mL carvacrol had the best protective and therapeutic effects on tomato gray mold (77.98% and 28.04%, respectively), and the protective effect was significantly higher than that of 400 μg/mL pyrimethanil (43.15%). While the therapeutic and protective effects of 1,000 μg/mL OVEO and thymol were comparable to chemical control. Conclusions OVEO showed moderate antifungal activity, whereas its main components carvacrol and thymol have great application potential as natural fungicides or lead compounds for commercial fungicides in preventing and controlling plant diseases caused by B. cinerea.

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Chemical characterization and determination of in vivo and in vitro antifungal activity of essential oils from four Eucalyptus species against the Hemileia vastatrix Berk and Br fungus, the agent of coffee leaf rust

Australian Journal of Crop Science ◽

10.21475/ajcs.20.14.09.p2249 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1379-1384

Author(s):

Alex Rodrigues Silva Caetano ◽

Sara Maria Chalfoun ◽

Mario Lúcio Vilela Resende ◽

Caroline Lima Angélico ◽

Wilder Douglas Santiago ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gas Chromatography ◽

Antifungal Activity ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Chemical Characterization ◽

Eucalyptus Species ◽

Hemileia Vastatrix ◽

Antifungal Activities

Essential oils, also known as volatile oils, are substances produced through the secondary metabolism of plants. In this study, we determined the chemical composition and the in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of the essential oils from four species of Eucalyptus, Eucalyptus citriodora, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus microcorys, against the Hemileia vastatrix fungus. The essential oils from these four species of Eucalyptus were extracted from their leaves by the hydrodistillation technique using a modified Clevenger apparatus. The chemical characterization was performed by gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer detector and by gas chromatography using a flame ionization detector. The antifungal activities of the essential oils against H. vastatrix were studied by evaluating the percentage of spore germination using the microdilution test for in vitro assays. The curative and preventive effects were evaluated in in vivo tests. The principal constituents of the essential oil from E. citriodora were citronellal, citronellol and isopulegol, while E. camaldulensis produced 1,8-cineole, α-terpineol and α-pinene. 1,8-cineole, α-pinene and α-terpineol were obtained from E. grandis and 1,8-cineole, α-pinene and trans-pinocarveol were the principal components in the essential oil of E. microcorys. In vitro and in vivo antifungal activities against the fungus under study were observed for most of the essential oils, except the essential oil from E. microcorys, for which no preventive antifungal activity was observed. Only the curing of infection by the H. vastatrix fungus was observed with this oil.

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Evaluation of Cinnamon Essential Oil as a Preservative Agent in the Postharvest Stage of Strawberries (Fragaria Sp.)

ESPOCH Congresses: The Ecuadorian Journal of S.T.E.A.M. ◽

10.18502/espoch.v1i1.9572 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

M. González ◽

D. Loroña ◽

L. Condolo ◽

M. Almeida

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Activity ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Cinnamic Aldehyde ◽

Palabras Clave ◽

Cinnamon Essential Oil ◽

Antibacterial And Antifungal ◽

Anti Fungal

This study proposes the use of cinnamon as an antimicrobial agent with the presence of cinnamic aldehyde, which has antibacterial and antifungal activity and inhibits the production of mycotoxins. Initially, microorganisms were isolated in damaged post-harvest strawberries, isolating colonies of Botritys sp. as the main causal agent of the deterioration of these fruits. The anti-fungal ability of the cinnamon essential oil (Cinnamomum zeynalicum) was evaluated ‘in vitro’ on the development of the isolated fungus, and ‘in vivo’ on fresh fruit at different storage temperatures, times and concentrations of AE. The results obtained showed that the most effective treatments ‘in vivo’ were 250 and 500 ppm of cinnamon essential oil. On-site analyses showed fruit stability in terms of color, texture, flavor, smell, pH and acidity, especially when there is a concentration of 500 ppm of cinnamon essential oil combined with the storage of the fruit at refrigeration temperature (5ºC), this being the most effective treatment to reduce fungal rot and loss of fruit quality. Keywords: cinnamon essential oil, postharvest, strawberry, antifungal activity, preservative. Resumen Está investigación plantea el uso de la canela como un agente antimicrobiano con la presencia de aldehído cinámico el mismo que posee actividad antibacterial, antifúngica e inhibe la producción de micotoxinas. De manera inicial se asilaron microorganismos en fresa postcosecha deteriorada, aislando colonias de Botritys sp. como el principal agente causal del deterioro de estas frutas. La capacidad antifúngica del aceite esencial de canela (Cinnamomum zeynalicum) fue evaluada ‘in vitro’ sobre el desarrollo del hongo aislado e ‘in vivo’ sobre fruta fresca a diferentes temperaturas de almacenamiento, tiempos y concentraciones de AE. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron que los tratamientos más efectivos ‘in vivo’ fueron 250 y 500 ppm de aceite esencial de canela. Los análisis in situ mostraron estabilidad de los frutos en cuanto a color, textura, sabor, olor, pH y acidez sobre todo cuando se tiene una concentración de 500 ppm de aceite esencial de canela combinado con el almacenamiento de la fruta a temperatura de refrigeración (5ºC) siendo el tratamiento más efectivo para reducir la pudrición fúngica y la pérdida de la calidad de los frutos. Palabras clave: aceite esencial de canela, post cosecha, fresa, actividad antifúngica, conservante.

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Antifungal Activity of Essential Oil and Hydrosol Extract of Ballota nigra L. and their Protective Effects Against the Black Rot of Tomatoes

Current Nutrition & Food Science ◽

10.2174/1573401314666180515114935 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (7) ◽

pp. 662-671 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nabila A. Sebaa ◽

Amina T. Zatla ◽

Mohammed E.A. Dib ◽

Boufeldja Tabti ◽

Jean Costa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gas Chromatography ◽

Antifungal Activity ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Alternaria Alternata ◽

Penicillium Expansum ◽

Protective Effects ◽

Antifungal Activities

Background: Bellota species are used to treat various diseases in traditional folk medicine. Objectives: This study aimed to chemically characterize the essential oils and the hydrosol extract and regional specificity of the major components of Ballota nigra essential oil and to evaluate their in vitro and in vivo antifungal activities. Methods: Essential oils were obtained by a Clevenger-type apparatus and analyzed by using Gas Chromatography (GC) and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (GC/MS). The antifungal activities were tested to three phytopathogenic stains (Penicillium expansum, Aspergillus niger and Alternaria alternata). Results: Altogether, 38 compounds were identified in the essential oils, representing 92.1-96.8% of the total oil composition. Their main constituents were E-β-caryophyllene (4.8-24.6%), E-β-farnesene (3.3-22.9%), β-bisabolene (7.6-30.2%), α-humulene (2.1-13.3%) and geranyl linalool (1.1-8.2%). The statistical methods deployed confirmed that there is a relation between the essential oil compositions and the harvest locations. Hydrosol extract was constituted by seven components, represented principally by methyl eugenol (75.2%) and caryophyllene oxide (12.5%). The results of in vitro antifungal activity with essential oil and hydrosol extract have shown very interesting antifungal activities on Penicillium expansum and Alternaria alternata strains with percentage reductions up to 80%. Additionally, in in vivo assays, Ballota nigra essential oil and hydrosol extract significantly reduce decay in artificially inoculated tomato by Alternaria alternata. Conclusion: The essential oil and hydrosol extract can be used as a potential source of sustainable eco-friendly botanical fungicides to protect stored tomatoes from pathogens, saprophytic fungi causing bio-deterioration to a variety of food commodities.

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In VitroandIn VivoActivities of Essential Oil from the Seed ofAnethum graveolensL. againstCandidaspp.

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2011/659704 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Hong Zeng ◽

Jun Tian ◽

Yuechen Zheng ◽

Xiaoquan Ban ◽

Jingsi Zeng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Vaginal Candidiasis ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Anethum Graveolens ◽

Efficacy Evaluation ◽

Histological Techniques ◽

Microbroth Dilution ◽

Immunosuppressed Mice

The essential oil produced from the seed ofAnethum graveolensL. (Umbelliferae) was testedin vitroandin vivoanti-Candidaactivity. The microbroth dilution method was used in the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), according to M27-A3 of the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI). And then, efficacy evaluation of essential oil in the prophylaxis and treatment of experimental vaginal candidiasis was performed in immunosuppressed mice. The anti-Candidaactivity was analyzed by microbiological and histological techniques and was compared with that of fluconazole (FCZ). The results showed essential oil was activein vitroagainst all tested strains, with MICs ranging from 0.312 μL/mL (forC. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, and C. krusei) to 0.625 μL/mL (for 6 isolatedC. albicansstrains). Essential oil (2% v/v) was highly efficacious in acceleratingC. albicans09-1555 clearance from experimentally infected mice vagina by prophylaxis and therapeutic treatments. In both therapeutic efficacy and prophylaxis studies, the histological findings confirmed the microbiological results. The experimental results revealed that the tested essential oil is effective against vulvovaginal candidiasis in immunosuppressed mice.

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Efficacy of Essential Oil and Hydrosol Extract of Marrubium vulgare on Fungi Responsible for Apples Rot

Anti-Infective Agents ◽

10.2174/2211352517666190618105332 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 285-293

Author(s):

Amina Tabet Zatla ◽

Imane Mami ◽

Mohammed El Amine Dib ◽

Mohammed El Amine Sifi

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Activity ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Alternaria Alternata ◽

Penicillium Expansum ◽

Caryophyllene Oxide ◽

Marrubium Vulgare ◽

In Vitro Antifungal Activity

Background: The microorganisms such as Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea are wellknown pathogens in apples during postharvest. So, to protect apples from these pathogens, chemical control methods were exercised. Introduction: The main objective of this work was to study the chemical composition and the in-vitro and in-vivo antifungal properties of essential oil and hydrosol extract of Marrubium vulgare. Methods: In this work, the air-dried aerial parts of Marrubium vulgare were hydrodistilled in a Clevengertype apparatus. The essential oil and hydrosol extract isolated were analyzed using Gas Chromatography (GC) and Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). The in-vitro antifungal activity of the both extracts was investigated against Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum and Alternaria alternata fungi using radial growth technique. The effect of the essential oil and hydrosol extract on disease development of apple caused by Penicillium expansum in the in-vivo conditions was assessed. Results: The essential oil of Marrubium vulgare was characterized principally by E-β-caryophyllene (23.5%), E-β-farnesene (21%), α-humulene (14.8%), β-bisabolene (11.1%), caryophyllene oxide (6.8%) and phytol (3.1%). While, the methyl-eugenol (65.5%), α-Bisabolol (12.5%), linalool (6.5%) and caryophyllene oxide (6.2%) were the major compounds of hydrosol extract. The result of in-vitro antifungal activity of hydrosol extract showed an interesting antifungal inhibition against Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum and Alternaria alternata with percentage inhibition ranging from 77% to 89% at low concentration of 0.15 mL/L. The essential oil was found to inhibit the growth of Penicillium expansum in a dose-dependent manner, with a percentage inhibition of 100% at 30 mL/L. Furthermore, essential oil and hydrosol extract have demonstrated promising in-vivo antifungal activity to control infection of apples by Penicillium expansum up to 25th day of storage, compared with the control. Conclusion: The preventive and protective effects of essential oil and hydrosol extract could be exploited as an ideal alternative to synthetic fungicides for using the protection of stored apples from fungal phytopathogens.

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In vitro and in vivo activity of essential oil from dill (Anethum graveolens L.) against fungal spoilage of cherry tomatoes

Food Control ◽

10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.05.018 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 22 (12) ◽

pp. 1992-1999 ◽

Cited By ~ 84

Author(s):

Jun Tian ◽

Xiaoquan Ban ◽

Hong Zeng ◽

Bo Huang ◽

Jingsheng He ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Anethum Graveolens ◽

Cherry Tomatoes

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Ammoides verticillata Essential Oil as Biocontrol Agent of Selected Fungi and Pest of Olive Tree

Recent Patents on Food Nutrition & Agriculturee ◽

10.2174/2212798410666190619110251 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 182-188 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hanane Senouci ◽

Nassira G. Benyelles ◽

Mohammed EA Dib ◽

Jean Costa ◽

Alain Muselli

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Activity ◽

Aspergillus Niger ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Bactrocera Oleae ◽

Penicillium Crustosum ◽

Ammoides Verticillata ◽

In Vitro Antifungal Activity

Background: Ammoides verticillata Briq is an aromatic and medicinal herb that has been widely used in folk medicine for treatment of several types of pathologies such as respiratory problems, colds, fever, headache, gastric disorders and renal infections. Objective: Essential oils have been subjected of numerous works for their antimicrobial and insecticidal properties which have been valued by hundreds of publications and patents. The main objective of this work was to evaluate the chemical composition, and the in vitro and in vivo antifungal, and insecticidal properties of essential oil of Ammoides verticillata. Methods: In this work, the air-dried aerial parts of Ammoides verticillata were hydrodistilled in a Clevenger-type apparatus. The essential oil isolated was analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The in vitro antifungal activity of the essential oil was investigated against four plant fungi using radial growth technique. The effect of the essential oil on disease development of olive caused by Penicillium crustosum and Aspergillus niger in the in vivo conditions. The fumigation test of the essential oil was evaluated against L3 stages, pupas and adults of Bactrocera oleae known as the olive fly. Results: The essential oil of A. verticillata was characterized mainly by carvacrol (44.3%), limonene (19.3%) and p-cymene (19.2%). The result of in vitro antifungal activity of essential oil showed an interesting antifungal inhibition against Alternaria alternata and Fusarium solani strains with percentage inhibition of 89%. Furthermore, oil of A. verticillata has demonstrated promising in vivo antifungal activity to control infections of olives caused by Aspergillus niger and Penicillium crustosum. In addition, the essential oil exhibited fumigation toxicity against Bactrocera oleae with mortality percentage of 100% at 2 μL/L air. Conclusion: The results showed that essential oil of A. verticillata has interesting biological activities, which suggests that oil have the potential to be used as biocide to protect olives of pathogenic fungi and pests.

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In Vitro and In Vivo Inhibition of Cylindrocladium reteaudii by Essential Oils of Acorus calamus Rhizomes

Environment and Natural Resources Journal ◽

10.32526/ennrj/19/2020076 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 34-42

Author(s):

Phanin Sintawarak ◽

◽

Suwimon Uthairatsamee ◽

Tharnrat Keawgrajang ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Activity ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Fungal Growth ◽

Antifungal Compound ◽

Acorus Calamus ◽

In Vivo Experiments ◽

Oil Concentration

Cylindrocladium reteaudii (Bugnic.) Boesew. is a severe pathogen which can cause leaf blight disease in Eucalyptus seedlings in tropical countries. This study investigated the antifungal activity of essential oils extracted from Acorus calamus L. rhizomes in inhibiting the growth of C. reteaudii, both in in vitro and in vivo experiments. The extraction of essential oils from rhizomes was carried out by hydro-distillation technique and the in vitro antifungal testing was done by using the poisoned food technique. The results indicated that an essential oil concentration of 2,000 ppm can completely inhibit the fungal growth with a 50% inhibitory concentration value of 54.76 ppm. For the in vivo experiment, it was found that an essential oil concentration of 500 ppm and Captan® of 1,000 ppm were not significantly different in inhibiting the growth of C. reteaudii. However, these two treatments significantly inhibited the fungal growth (p<0.05) when compared with the control treatments. Physiological and anatomical characteristics were investigated to check for the antifungal activity after the application of essential oils. Results showed that essential oil spraying had no effect on the leaf transpiration rate and temperature of the Eucalyptus seedlings, but the incident disease ratio was high when an essential oil concentration of more than 1,500 ppm was applied. Therefore, it can be inferred that the essential oils from A. calamus rhizomes at an optimum concentration can be an efficient antifungal compound with a potential to control leaf and shoot blight diseases in Eucalyptus seedlings in a nursery.

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