To investigate in vivo transcription of the facilitative glucose transporter isoform-GLUT3 gene, we created GLUT3-firefly luciferase transgenic mouse lines that demonstrate tissue-specific [adult: brain > testis ≥ skeletal muscle > placenta; postnatal (PN): skeletal muscle > brain = skin], temporal, and spatial distribution of the reporter gene/enzyme activity that is unique from endogenous GLUT3 mRNA/protein. In this mouse model, luciferase expression/activity serving as a readout of in vivo transcription peaked at 12 days gestation along with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (cell replication) in placenta and embryonic brain preceding peak GLUT3 protein expression at 18–19 days gestation. In contrast, a postnatal increase in brain luciferase mRNA peaked with endogenous GLUT3 mRNA, but after that of NeuroD6 protein (neurogenesis) at PN7. Luciferase activity paralleled GLUT3 protein expression with Na+-K+-ATPase (membrane expansion) and synaptophysin (synaptogenesis) proteins, peaking at PN14 and lasting until 60 days in the adult. Thus GLUT3 transcription in placenta and embryonic brain coincided with cell proliferation and in postnatal brain with synaptogenesis. Longitudinal noninvasive bioluminescence (BLI) monitoring of in vivo brain GLUT3 transcription reflected cross-sectional ex vivo brain luciferase activity only between PN7 and PN21. Hypoxia/reoxygenation at PN7 revealed transcriptional increase in brain GLUT3 expression reflected by in vivo BLI and ex vivo luciferase activity. These observations collectively support a temporal contribution by transcription toward ensuring adequate tissue-specific, developmental (placenta and embryonic brain), and postnatal hypoxic brain GLUT3 expression.
Application of HYSPLIT and WRF/Chem Models to Investigate the Dust Storm Episodes
