Grey wolf may show signs of self-awareness with the sniff test of self-recognition

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Roberto Cazzolla Gatti ◽  
Alena Velichevskaya ◽  
Benjamin Gottesman ◽  
Karen Davis
Keyword(s):  
Self Awareness ◽  
Grey Wolf ◽  
Self Recognition

scholarly journals Cleaner wrasse pass the mark test. What are the implications for consciousness and self-awareness testing in animals?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masanori Kohda ◽  
Takashi Hotta ◽  
Tomohiro Takeyama ◽  
Satoshi Awata ◽  
Hirokazu Tanaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Labroides Dimidiatus ◽  
Mark Test ◽  
Self Recognition ◽  
Behavioural Patterns ◽  
Major Taxon ◽  
Frequent Observation

AbstractThe ability to perceive and recognise a reflected mirror image as self (mirror self-recognition, MSR) is considered a hallmark of cognition across species. Although MSR has been reported in mammals and birds, it is not known to occur in any other major taxon. A factor potentially limiting the ability to test for MSR is that the established assay for MSR, the mark test, shows an interpretation bias towards animals with the dexterity (or limbs) required to touch a mark. Here, we show that the cleaner wrasse fish, Labroides dimidiatus, passes through all phases of the mark test: (i) social reactions towards the reflection, (ii) repeated idiosyncratic behaviours towards the mirror (contingency testing), and (iii) frequent observation of their reflection. When subsequently provided with a coloured tag, individuals attempt to remove the mark in the presence of a mirror but show no response towards transparent marks, or to coloured marks in the absence of a mirror. This remarkable finding presents a challenge to our interpretation of the mark test – do we accept that these behavioural responses in the mark test, which are taken as evidence of self-recognition in other species, mean that fish are self-aware? Or do we conclude that these behavioural patterns have a basis in a cognitive process other than self-recognition? If the former, what does this mean for our understanding of animal intelligence? If the latter, what does this mean for our application and interpretation of the mark test as a metric for animal cognitive abilities?

scholarly journals BECOMING A TEACHER: HOW TO RECOGNIZE THE SELF AS A LEADER IS A CLASSROOM

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 513
Author(s):  
Vilma Zydziunaite ◽  
Lina Kaminskiene ◽  
Vaida Jurgile ◽  
Tetiana Ponomarenko
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Leadership ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Teacher Professionalism ◽  
Teacher Leader ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Effective Learning ◽  
Self Recognition ◽  
Teaching Learning ◽  
High Degree

The notion of ‘teacher leader in a classroom’ recently has been shifted. In the past, teacher leadership in a classroom was limited to didactics and expertise. Teachers have long served as ‘executors’, ‘executants’, not ‘leaders’ who are capable to manage the change and co-creation of knowledge within the interaction with students in a classroom. The aim of the study is to provide the descriptive analysis on contemporary research-based development regarding teacher leadership with the focus on concepts such as ‘becoming a teacher’, ‘professionalism of a teacher’, ‘co-creation’ and ‘teacher leadership’. Methods. The study is based on descriptive theoretical analysis. Conclusion. Becoming a teacher is the continuous process and means accepting the chal-lenge of imparting knowledge and guidance and approaching a high degree of ambivalence as it requires great diligence on the part of the teacher to be able to carry out her / his pro-fessional responsibilities. Co-creation is inseparable part of both - becoming a teacher and being a teacher leader as it helps to support the positive teaching-learning relationships and create the effective learning environments. Teacher leadership in a classroom is impossible to implement without self- recognition, which means in teaching practices teacher’s self-awareness.

scholarly journals Emerging Self-Representation Presents a Challenge for Perspective Tracking in Infancy

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuela Yeung ◽  
Dimitrios Askitis ◽  
Velisar Manea ◽  
Victoria Southgate
Keyword(s):  
Pupil Dilation ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Self And Other ◽  
Conflict Processing ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
Self Recognition

The capacity to track another’s perspective is present from early in life, with young infants ostensibly able to predict others’ behaviour even when the self and other perspective are at odds. Yet, infants’ abilities are difficult to reconcile with the well-documented challenge that older children face when they need to ignore their own perspective. Here we provide evidence that it is the emergence of self-representation, from around 18 months, that likely creates a perspective conflict between self and other. Using mirror self-recognition as a measure of self-awareness and pupil dilation to index conflict processing, our results show that mirror recognisers perceive greater conflict than non-recognisers when viewing a scenario in which the self and other have divergent perspectives, specifically when the conflict between self and other is salient. These results suggest that infants’ perspective tracking abilities may benefit from an initial absence of self-representation.

scholarly journals Intrinsic and extrinsic influences on self-recognition of actions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akila Kadambi ◽  
Qi Xie ◽  
Hongjing Lu
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Motor Planning ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Body Movements ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Self Recognition ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Point Light

Despite minimal visual experience and unfamiliar third-person viewpoints, humans are able to recognize their own body movements even when actions are reduced to point-light displays. What factors influence visual self-recognition of own actions? To address this question, we recorded whole-body movements of a large sample of participants (N = 101) performing a range of actions. After a delay period, participants were tested in a self-recognition task: identifying own actions depicted in point-light displays amongst three other point-light actors performing identical actions. While participants showed above-chance accuracy on average for self-recognition, we found substantial differences in performance across actions and individuals. Self-recognition performance was modulated by interactions between extrinsic factors (associated with the degree of motor planning in performed actions) and intrinsic traits linked to individuals’ motor imagery ability and sensorimotor self-processing ability (autism and schizotypal traits). These interactions shed light on mechanistic possibilities for how the motor system may augment vision to construct the core of self-awareness.

scholarly journals Empowerment of Love for Jane Austen’s Females: A Case of Creativity in Familiarity

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 131-150
Author(s):  
Assia Alhasan ◽  
Noritah Omar
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Marriage Market ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Mansfield Park ◽  
Women's Voice ◽  
Self Recognition ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Women's Equality ◽  
Conventional Systems ◽  
The Impact

The goal of this qualitative study is to explore unfamiliar concepts presented in familiar contexts in Austen’s Pride and Prejudice (1813) and Mansfield Park (1814). Also, it intends to examine Austen’s creativity in unfamiliar concepts such as women’s freedom of choice and education from a feminist perspective. This study is significant for shedding light on the empowerment of love decision, females’ self-awareness and women’s voice presented in conventional systems. In addition, it will help feminists to figure out the feminism issues reflected in Austen’s work. Further, this study addresses the question of unfamiliar concepts in Austen’s familiar contexts and identify the impact of decision making on women’s equality. The researcher uses textual analysis to discuss main themes and address research questions. The findings of the study show that Austen best novels preached out women’s emancipation of so-called marriage-market. Also, the result indicates that women of her time postulated love in marriage for achieving self- recognition and self-esteem through creative technique of familiarizing unfamiliar concepts. Therefore, it introduces new thread to Austen studies by examining how Austen familiarized her readers unconsciously with modern concepts at the late 18th century in societal and cultural respects. This study recommends that further investigations be conducted in this regard.

scholarly journals Mirror self-recognition in gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla): a review and evaluation of mark test replications and variants

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay E. Murray ◽  
James R. Anderson ◽  
Gordon G. Gallup
Keyword(s):  
Gorilla Gorilla ◽  
The Self ◽  
Olfactory Cues ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Gorilla Gorilla Gorilla ◽  
Mark Test ◽  
Self Recognition ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Over Time

AbstractMirror self-recognition (MSR), widely regarded as an indicator of self-awareness, has not been demonstrated consistently in gorillas. We aimed to examine this issue by setting out a method to evaluate gorilla self-recognition studies that is objective, quantifiable, and easy to replicate. Using Suarez and Gallup’s (J Hum Evol 10:175–183, 1981) study as a reference point, we drew up a list of 15 methodological criteria and assigned scores to all published studies of gorilla MSR for both methodology and outcomes. Key features of studies finding both mark-directed and spontaneous self-directed responses included visually inaccessible marks, controls for tactile and olfactory cues, subjects who were at least 5 years old, and clearly distinguishing between responses in front of versus away from the mirror. Additional important criteria include videotaping the tests, having more than one subject, subjects with adequate social rearing, reporting post-marking observations with mirror absent, and giving mirror exposure in a social versus individual setting. Our prediction that MSR studies would obtain progressively higher scores as procedures and behavioural coding practices improved over time was supported for methods, but not for outcomes. These findings illustrate that methodological rigour does not guarantee stronger evidence of self-recognition in gorillas; methodological differences alone do not explain the inconsistent evidence for MSR in gorillas. By implication, it might be suggested that, in general, gorillas do not show compelling evidence of MSR. We advocate that future MSR studies incorporate the same criteria to optimize the quality of attempts to clarify the self-recognition abilities of gorillas as well as other species.

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