INFLUENCE OF THE MODE OF SALINIZATION ON REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS OF FIELD-GROWN PROGENY IN SORGHUM BICOLOR

1998 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.Nissim Amzallag ◽  
Avi Nachmias ◽  
Henri Lerner R.
Keyword(s):  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Phenotypic Variability ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Similar Increase ◽  
Stem Height ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Late Exposure ◽  
Parent Generation

The offspring of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench plants exposed to 150 mM NaCl eight or twenty-one days following germination were grown in field conditions, and were irrigated with non-saline water. As compared to the offspring of non-treated plants, the progeny of plants early-exposed to NaCl displayed an increase in shoot dry weight and stem height, but some of them showed a significant decrease in fertility. Similar changes were observed, but to a lesser extent, in the offspring of plants late-exposed to salinity. A similar increase in phenotypic variability was observed in populations of progeny from early-and late-treated plants. After verifying that the changes observed did not result from an artifactual selection, it was concluded that the NaCl treatment is able to influence characters expressed during the late development of the plant progeny. The nature of the induced change is discussed in relation to the plant response, adaptation or resistance, induced by the early or late exposure to salinity in the parent generation.

INDUCED MODIFICATIONS IN REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS OF SALT-TREATED PLANTS OF SORGHUM BICOLOR

1998 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.Nissim Amzallag
Keyword(s):  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Phenotypic Variability ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Salt Adaptation ◽  
Early Exposure ◽  
Stem Height ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Adaptation Response ◽  
Reproductive Characters

Plants of Sorghum bicolor were grown hydroponically in a solution containing 150 mM NaCl, and the reproductive characters were analyzed at the end of the life cycle. A subpopulation was exposed to salinity on day 8 following germination (early-exposed plants), and another subpopulation was first exposed to salinity on day 21 following germination (late-exposed plants). Fertility and stem height, as determined per g shoot dry weight (DW), were similar for control and late-exposed plants. However, these parameters were largely modified in early-exposed plants. The population of late-exposed plants displayed an increase in phenotypic variability. However, the monomodal structure of the population remained similar to that of the population of control plants. In contrast, a large increase in diversity was observed in the population of early-exposed plants, and the frequency distribution of the reproductive characters appeared as plurimodal for this population. Early exposure to NaCl has been previously shown to induce an increase in salinity tolerance of the plant (termed salt adaptation). This effect was not observed for late-exposed plants. The significance of the induced modifications in reproductive characters is discussed in the light of the salt adaptation response in Sorghum.

Effects of CGA-43089 on Responses of Sorghum (Sorghum Bicolor) to Metolachlor Combined by Ozone or Antioxidants

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 280-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kriton K. Hatzios
Keyword(s):  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Propyl Gallate ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Additive Effect ◽  
Piperonyl Butoxide ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Combination Treatments

In greenhouse studies, the potential interactive effects of metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] treatments combined with the air pollutant ozone (O3) or the antioxidants, piperonyl butoxide {α-[2-butoxyethyl) ethoxy]-4,5-dimethylenedioxy-2-propyltoluene} andn-propyl gallate, on the growth of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench ‘Funk G522DR’] seedlings that were protected or unprotected with the antidote, CGA-43089 [α-(cyanomethoximino)-benzacetonitrile], were examined. Metolachlor was applied preplant incorporated at rates of 2.2, 3.9, and 5.6 kg/ha, and it was evaluated against fumigation with O3at 0.2 and 0.3 ppmv or against 4.9, 6.7, and 9.0 kg/ha of each antioxidant applied preplant incorporated. In combination treatments, shoot dry weight at 30 days after planting was reduced more than expected by metolachlor in the presence of the protectant CGA-43089 and ozone or some rates of the two antioxidants, suggesting synergism. In the absence of the protectant, CGA-43089, growth responses of sorghum to combination treatments of metolachlor with ozone or propyl gallate suggested an additive effect, although some treatments of metolachlor combined with piperonyl butoxide interacted synergistically.

scholarly journals Response of 10 Aster Species to Saline Water Irrigation

HortScience ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shasha Wu ◽  
Youping Sun ◽  
Genhua Niu ◽  
James Altland ◽  
Raul Cabrera
Keyword(s):  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Mineral Concentration ◽  
Salt Damage ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
Poor Quality Water ◽  
Copper Canyon

Asteraceae is one of the largest plant families with many important garden ornamental species. Salt tolerance of 10 aster perennials was evaluated in a greenhouse experiment, including the following: damianita (Chrysactinia mexicana), gregg’s mistflower (Eupatorium greggii), shasta daisy (Leucanthemum ×superbum ‘Becky’), blackfoot daisy (Melampodium leucanthum), lavender cotton (Santolina chamaecyparissus), aromatic aster (Symphyotrichum oblongifolium), copper canyon daisy (Tagetes lemmonii), four-nerve daisy (Tetraneuris scaposa), skeleton-leaf goldeneye (Viguiera stenoloba), and zexmenia (Wedelia texana). Plants were irrigated with nutrient solution at electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.2 dS·m−1 (control) or saline solutions at EC of 5.0 or 10.0 dS·m−1 (EC 5 or EC 10) for 5 weeks. Upon termination, growth parameters, foliar salt damage, relative chlorophyll content [Soil-Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) readings], and mineral concentration were measured. Gregg’s mistflower, skeleton-leaf goldeneye, and lavender cotton were the most salt-tolerant species with less reductions in shoot dry weight (DW) in both EC 5 and EC 10. Considering the relatively severe foliar salt damage (visual quality score of 3.1 and 2.7 at EC 5; 2.4 and 1.6 at EC 10) and mortality rate (10% and 40%) in EC 10, aromatic aster and zexmenia should be avoided where poor quality water may be used for irrigation. Gregg’s mistflower and skeleton-leaf goldeneye had relatively lower leaf sodium (Na) concentrations suggesting that both species can selectively exclude Na. Damianita and the four daisies, i.e., blackfoot daisy, copper canyon daisy, four-nerve daisy, and shasta daisy, were salt sensitive as evidenced by their greater growth reduction, foliar salt damage, and high Na and chlorine (Cl) accumulation in leaves, and should be avoided in landscapes where poor quality water may be used for irrigation.

scholarly journals Responses of Growth and Mineral Nutrition of Garden Roses to Saline Water Irrigation

HortScience ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 756-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Genhua Niu ◽  
Terri Starman ◽  
David Byrne
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Salinity Treatment ◽  
Leaf Injury ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Visual Damage ◽  
Saline Solutions ◽  
The Rose ◽  
Severe Leaf

The responses of garden roses to irrigation water with elevated salts are unknown. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the relative salt tolerance of 13 self-rooted rose cultivars by irrigating the plants with nutrient solutions at an electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.4 dS·m−1 (control) or nutrient saline solutions at EC of 3.1, 4.4, or 6.4 dS·m−1. In Expt. 1, ‘Belinda’s Dream’, ‘Caldwell Pink’, ‘Carefree Beauty’, ‘Folksinger’, ‘Quietness’, and ‘Winter Sunset’ plants were grown in a greenhouse from 13 Aug. to 21 Oct. (10 weeks). Shoot dry weight of all cultivars decreased as EC of irrigation water increased. ‘Winter Sunset’ was most sensitive among these cultivars to salt stress followed by ‘Carefree Beauty’ and ‘Folksinger’ with severe leaf injury at EC of 3.1 dS·m−1 or higher or death at EC of 6.4 dS·m−1. No visual damage was observed in ‘Belinda’s Dream’ or ‘Caldwell Pink’, regardless of the salinity level. In Expt. 2, ‘Basye’s Blueberry’, ‘Iceberg’, ‘Little Buckaroo’, ‘The Fairy’, ‘Marie Pavie’, ‘Rise N Shine’, and ‘Sea Foam’ plants were grown in the greenhouse from 29 Sept. to 16 Nov. (7 weeks) and irrigated with the same nutrient or nutrient saline solutions. Salinity treatment did not affect shoot dry weight of ‘Basye’s Blueberry’, ‘Little Buckaroo’, ‘Sea Foam’, and ‘Rise N Shine’. Shoot dry weight of ‘Iceberg’, ‘The Fairy’, and ‘Marie Pavie’ decreased as EC of irrigation water increased. No or little visual damage was observed in ‘Little Buckaroo’, ‘Sea Foam’, and ‘Rise N Shine’. Leaf tip burns were seen in ‘Iceberg’, ‘Marie Pavie’, ‘Basye’s Blueberry’, and ‘The Fairy’ at EC 6.4 of dS·m−1. Generally, these symptoms were less severe than those observed in Expt. 1, probably attributable partially to the shorter treatment period. Whereas shoot Na+ and Cl– varied greatly among the rose cultivars, the shoot concentrations of Ca2+, K+, and Mg2+ did not. Generally, salinity-tolerant cultivars had higher shoot Na+ and Cl– concentrations. In summary, in Expt. 1, ‘Belinda’s Dream’ was the most tolerant cultivar, whereas ‘Winter Sunset’ was the least tolerant followed by ‘Carefree Beauty’. In Expt. 2, ‘Iceberg’, ‘Marie Pavie’, and ‘The Fairy’ were less tolerant to salinity as compared with other cultivars, although the differences were small.

scholarly journals Sodium Chloride Effects on Growth, Morphology, and Physiology of Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum ×morifolium)

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 1888-1891 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kate Lee ◽  
Marc W. van Iersel
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Chrysanthemum Morifolium ◽  
Quality Characteristic ◽  
Small Reduction ◽  
Saline Irrigation ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight

As a result of the decreasing availability of high-quality irrigation water, salinity tolerance of greenhouse crops is of increasing importance. Saline irrigation water can have many negative effects on plants, but also has the potential to act as a growth regulator because of its ability to reduce plant height. To determine the effects of NaCl in the irrigation water on the growth, physiology, and nutrient uptake of chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum ×morifolium Ramat.), plants were watered with solutions with different NaCl concentrations (0, 1, 3, 6, or 9 g·L−1). Plants receiving 9 g·L−1 NaCl had a 76% reduction in shoot dry weight, a 90% reduction in stomatal conductance (g S), and a 4-day delay in flowering compared with control plants. Chrysanthemums receiving 1 g·L−1 NaCl had a 4-cm reduction in height with only a small reduction in shoot dry weight. Stomatal conductance and transpiration were reduced by more than 60% by NaCl concentrations of 1 g·L−1 as compared with control plants. The combination of a small reduction in dry weight and a large decrease in transpiration resulted in increased water use efficiency when plants received 1 g·L−1 NaCl. Concentrations of 3 g·L−1 NaCl or higher resulted in poor-quality plants either as a result of wilting of the leaves (3 g·L−1) or severely stunted plants (6 and 9 g·L−1). Our findings indicate that chrysanthemums can be grown successfully with 1 g·L−1 NaCl in the irrigation water without negative impacts on plant quality. This has important implications for the greenhouse industry as the availability of nonsaline water decreases. Saline water may be more readily available and can have the added benefit of reduced plant height, which is an important quality characteristic for floriculture crops.

Phenotypic characterization of the dwarf-4 mutant of lettuce

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (10) ◽  
pp. 1541-1549 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Waycott ◽  
Brent Mersey
Keyword(s):  
Lactuca Sativa ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Gibberellin Biosynthesis ◽  
Scanning Electron Micrographs ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Stem Height ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight

The single recessive mutant dwarf-4 (d-4) of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) was selected as a potential genetic source of resistance to premature stem elongation (bolting). This study was undertaken to define the mutant phenotype and to characterize its reaction to applied gibberellin (GA). Scanning electron micrographs of mutant and wild-type achenes revealed surface and subsurface aberrations in d-4, suggesting abnormal development. Observed mutant irregularities included (i) abnormal achene formation causing irregularly shaped seeds, (ii) delayed and irregular germination, (iii) delayed but normal leaf growth and leaf area, (iv) 66% reduction in stem height, (v) 50% reduction in shoot dry weight, (vi) 0.45% viable pollen formation, and (vii) 98.9% self-sterility. Applications of GA3 did not affect the delay in growth, floral sterility, or abnormal achene shape but did increase stem height and shoot dry weight to wild-type levels at maturity. Hand pollinations were able to decrease self-sterility to 93.6%. Component analysis of mutant and wild-type achenes revealed d-4 had 32% lower fatty acid levels. There were no differences in carbohydrates, cell wall constituents, and moisture levels, although higher levels of protein and inorganic compounds were found. The observed d-4 phenotype suggests that its genetic lesion is not directly tied to irregularities of gibberellin biosynthesis but has some other genetic basis. Key words: Lactuca sativa, SEM, germination, stem elongation, sterility.

Confirmation of Shattercane (Sorghum bicolor) Resistance to ALS-Inhibiting Herbicides in Ohio

2002 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Traci L. Brenly-Bultemeier ◽  
Jeff Stachler ◽  
S. Kent Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Soil Seed Bank ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Als Inhibitors ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor L

A population of shattercane (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) located in Fairfield County, Ohio, was investigated for herbicide resistance after it persisted in a field that had been treated repeatedly with herbicides that inhibit acetolactate synthase (ALS). Herbicide bioassays confirmed cross-resistance of the suspected resistant (R) population to the ALS inhibitors nicosulfuron, primisulfuron, and imazethapyr. Herbicide doses required to reduce R shattercane shoot dry weight 50% (i.e., the GR50 values) were > 35,000, > 40,000, and 34,215 g ai/ha for nicosulfuron, primisulfuron, and imazethapyr, respectively. In contrast, GR50 values for the same herbicides applied to a susceptible (S) shattercane population from an adjacent county were 0.185, 0.025, and 0.038 g/ha, respectively. The high levels of resistance exhibited by the R population suggest that the resistance mechanism is due to one or more alterations in ALS, the herbicide target site. Effective management of ALS herbicide-resistant shattercane will require an integrated strategy designed to isolate the R population and deplete its soil seed bank while minimizing herbicide selection pressure. Accepted for publication 14 October 2002. Published 21 October 2002.

scholarly journals Morphological and Physiological Responses of Ten Ornamental Taxa to Saline Water Irrigation

HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (12) ◽  
pp. 1816-1822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiang Liu ◽  
Youping Sun ◽  
Genhua Niu ◽  
James Altland ◽  
Lifei Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saline Water ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Salt Damage ◽  
Saline Water Irrigation ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Hydrangea Macrophylla ◽  
Elevated Salinity ◽  
Hibiscus Syriacus

Because of limited supply of high-quality water, alternative water sources have been used for irrigation in water-scarce regions. However, alternative waters usually contain high salt levels, which can cause salt damage on salt-sensitive plants. A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate the relative salt tolerance of 10 common ornamental taxa to saline water irrigation. The 10 taxa studied were Chaenomeles speciosa ‘Orange Storm’ and ‘Pink Storm’ (Chaenomeles Double Take™); Diervilla rivularis ‘G2X885411’, ‘G2X88544’ (Diervilla Kodiak®, Black, Orange, and Red, respectively), and ‘Smndrsf’; Forsythia ×intermedia ‘Mindor’ (Forsythia Show Off®); Hibiscus syriacus ‘ILVOPS’ (Hibiscus Purple Satin®); Hydrangea macrophylla ‘Smhmtau’ and ‘Smnhmsigma’ (Hydrangea Let’s Dance® Blue Jangles® and Rave, respectively); and Parthenocissus quinquefolia ‘Troki’ (Parthenociss quinquefolia Red Wall®). Plants were irrigated with a nutrient solution at an electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.2 dS·m−1 (control) or saline solutions at EC of 5.0 or 10.0 dS·m−1 (EC 5 or EC 10) eight times on a weekly basis. The results indicated that the 10 ornamental taxa had different morphological and physiological responses to salinity. The C. speciosa and D. rivularis plants in EC 5 had severe salt foliar damage, whereas those in EC 10 were dead. Hibiscus syriacus ‘ILVOPS’ performed well in EC 5 treatment with a shoot dry weight (DW) reduction of 26%, but those in EC 10 had severe foliar salt damage. Hydrangea macrophylla, F. ×intermedia ‘Mindor’ and P. quinquefolia ‘Troki’ were the most salt tolerant with minor foliar salt damage. The two H. macrophylla cultivars had the highest shoot sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) concentrations with a visual quality of 3 (scale 0 to 5 with 0 for dead plants and 5 for excellent performance), indicating that H. macrophylla plants adapted to elevated salinity by tolerating high Na and Cl concentrations in leaf tissue. Forsythia ×intermedia ‘Mindor’ and P. quinquefolia ‘Troki’ had relatively low leaf Na and Cl concentration, indicating that both taxa are capable of excluding Na and Cl. Chaenomeles speciosa and D. rivularis were sensitive to salinity with great growth reduction, severe foliar salt damage, and high Na and Cl accumulation in leaf tissue.

scholarly journals Seedling Emergence, Growth, and Mineral Nutrition of Ornamental Chile Peppers Irrigated with Saline Water

HortScience ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 1653-1657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Genhua Niu ◽  
Pedro Osuna ◽  
Youping Sun ◽  
Denise S. Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Saline Solution ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Electrical Conductance ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Salt Damage ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Salt Tolerance ◽  
Chile Peppers

Ornamental chile peppers are popular bedding plants. As high-quality water supply becomes limited in many parts of the world, alternative waters such as municipal reclaimed water is encouraged to be used for landscape irrigation. The purpose of this study was to assess the relative salt tolerance of 10 cultivars of ornamental chile peppers by irrigating the mature plants with saline solutions and germinating seeds in saline substrate in a greenhouse. In the mature plant salt tolerance experiment, plants were irrigated with nutrient solution (no addition of salts, control) or saline solution at electrical conductance (EC) of 4.1 dS·m−1 or 8.1 dS·m−1 for 8 weeks. Plants in the EC of 4.1 dS·m−1 treatment did not have any foliar salt damage regardless of cultivar. At EC of 8.1 dS·m−1, ‘NuMex Memorial Day’ had the most severe foliar salt damage, whereas ‘NuMex April Fool’s Day’, ‘NuMex Cinco de Mayo’, ‘NuMex Thanksgiving’, and ‘NuMex Twilight’ had little or no foliar damage. Shoot dry weight (DW) reduction at EC of 8.1 dS·m−1 compared with control was smallest in ‘NuMex Thanksgiving’ (15%), whereas ‘NuMex Memorial Day’ had the greatest reduction of 74% followed by ‘NuMex Christmas’ of 61%. The highest shoot DW reduction in ‘NuMex Memorial Day’ coincided with lowest visual score, indicating that this cultivar was the least tolerant to salinity. The leaf Na+ and Cl− concentrations increased dramatically with increasing EC of the irrigation water in all cultivars. The highest Na+ concentration of 10.9 mg·g−1 DW at EC of 8.1 dS·m−1 was observed in ‘NuMex Christmas’. The highest Cl− concentration at EC of 8.1 dS·m−1 was found in ‘NuMex Memorial Day’ with 64.8 mg·g−1 DW, which was four times higher than the control. In the seedling emergence experiment, seeds of the 10 cultivars were germinated in substrate either moistened with reverse osmosis water (EC ≈0) or saline solution at EC of 17.1 dS·m−1. ‘NuMex Christmas’ and ‘NuMex Memorial Day’ had the lowest relative seedling emergence index, indicating that these two cultivars were the least tolerant to salinity during the seedling emergence stage. ‘NuMex Thanksgiving’ and ‘NuMex Cinco de Mayo’ had the highest relative seedling emergence index. Combining the results from both experiments, we concluded that ‘NuMex Cinco de Mayo’ and ‘NuMex Thanksgiving’ were the most tolerant cultivars, whereas ‘NuMex Christmas’ and ‘NuMex Memorial Day’ were the least tolerant ones.

scholarly journals Influence of Day and Night Temperature on Development of Sweet Pepper Seedlings

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 862B-862
Author(s):  
Yaping Si ◽  
Royal D. Heins
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sweet Pepper ◽  
Internode Length ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Stem Height ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Plant Stem ◽  
The Difference

Sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum `Resistant Giant #4') seedlings were grown in 128-cell plug trays under 16 day/night temperature (DT/NT) regimes from 14 to 26C. In this temperature range, plant stem height, leaf unfolding rate, plant volume, internode length, stem diameter, leaf area, and shoot dry weight were primarily functions of average daily temperature (ADT). Internode length increased as ADT or the difference between day and night temperature (DIF) increased. The root-to-shoot ratio decreased linearly as DT increased and was not significantly affected by NT. Leaves were darker green under positive DIF than negative DIF temperature regimes. Increasing NT from 14 to 26C reduced the node at which the first flower appeared by an average of 1.2 nodes. Percent abortion of the first flower increased as DT increased. Plant quality, as defined by seedling index [(dry weight × stem diameter)/internode length], increased as DIF became more negative.

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