Effects of magnetized fresh water on seed germination and seeding growth of cotton

Magnetized water treatment technology is usually used to improve poor quality water, and there is still a lack of study on fresh water. To understand the biological effects of different strength magnetized fresh water (MFW), seed germination and potted experiments on cotton were carried out to study the effects of MFW with different magnetic intensity (0, 100, 300, 500 mT). Results showed that the surface tension coefficient of MFW reduced by 7.3–10.5%, whilst dissolved oxygen concentrations increased by 8.8–12.7%. Germination strength indexes of cotton cultivated with MFW significantly increased, showing potential and vigor indexes of 16.8–22.4% and 47.4–78.0%, respectively. The emergence rate of cotton irrigated with MFW was faster and higher, with recorded values of 7.7–13.1%. The net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and instantaneous water use efficiency (iWUE) of cotton increased significantly, whereas the stomatal limit value (Ls) decreased. In all, results suggest the total biomasses of MFW irrigated cotton have significantly increased. Therefore, it is suggested that MFW may more effectively promote the utilization of water and light in cotton under magnetic field intensities of 300–500 mT. The results can provide guidance for the efficient utilization of magnetized fresh water in arid and semi-arid areas.

Sunflower biometrics and chemical salinity attributes of soil irrigated with waters of different qualities

Poor quality water, such as sewage, has become an alternative to reduce the consumption of good quality water by irrigation, especially in arid and semi-arid regions; however, water rich in salts can be harmful to agricultural systems. This research evaluated the impacts of salinity of waters of different qualities on the development of the sunflower culture and on the soil. The research was developed in the area of the Environmental Studies Team (EEA/UEFS), and the experimental design used was completely randomized, consisting of four treatments: rain water (0.20 dS m-1), well water (1.50 dS m-1), cesspool effluent (3.50 dS m-1) and brackish water (5.00 dS m-1), with the irrigation manually done and the blade calculated based on daily evapotranspiration. Irrigation with effluent promoted a better development of the sunflower crop, and the increase in the salinity of the irrigation water in the other treatments promoted a decrease in the total fresh and dry phytomasses, plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, internal and external diameters of the capitula and in the consumption and efficiency of water use. The use of rainwater, well water and cesspool effluent proved to be suitable for irrigation of the sunflower crop; however, the latter sodified the soil, which would already be recommended for the application of treatments for soil recovery.

Menjaga Kualitas Air Tanah di Perkotaan

Without realizing that the water consumed by urban communities is of poor quality water, even water that has been contaminated by waste, both factory industrial waste, and human waste. Water sources originating from the land in particular must be maintained by the community with full awareness and sense of responsibility. Especially when building a septic tank for human waste disposal. If not done properly, it will result in groundwater pollution, and can contain bacteria that damage the health of the human body.Keywords: Groundwater, Septic Tank, Urban Abstrak:Tanpa disadari bahwa air yang dikonsumsi masyarakat perkotaan merupakan air berkualitas buruk, bahkan merupakan air yang telah terkontaminasi oleh limbah, baik limbah industri pabrik, maupun limbah manusia. Sumber air yang berasal dari tanah khususnya harus dapat dijaga oleh masyarakat dengan penuh kesadaran dan rasa tanggung jawab. Khususnya pada saat membangun septic tank tempat pembuangan limbah manusia. Bila tidak dilakukan dengan baik, maka akan berakibat pencemaran air tanah, dan dapat mengandung bakteri yang merusak kesehatan tubuh manusia.Kata Kunci: Air Tanah, Septic Tank, Perkotaan

Evaluation of Spatial Variability in Ground Water Quality using Remote Sensing

Water quality along Coastal Zones of Srikakulam District in Andhra Pradesh, India was analyzed through seasons of pre and post of monsoon for determining water appropriateness towards consumption by means of water quality index (WQI). Present study included collection of sub-surface water samples from sampling sites which are designated as Mandal headquarters across the coastal line. Towards developing WQI, physicochemical analysis of samples was determined considering nine important parameters that included physical parameters like total dissolved solids, chemical parameters like pH, conductivity, ionic parameters such as calcium and magnesium, sodium and potassium, chloride and sulphate. The sampling sites are mapped using geographical information systems. GPS (Global positioning system) was employed to locate the coordinates in terms of latitude and longitude. Cation-anion correlation matrixes are plotted using piper plots from values of results obtained through physico-chemical analysis. Experimental results were subjected to statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA. The WQI index in the present study was obtained in the range of 57.6 to 989.1, indicating very poor-quality water in these sampling areas. Results illustrated that groundwater of the study area required treatment before used for consumption.

Scarcity of Drinking Water in Taihu Lake Basin, China: A Case Study of Yixing City

: Water use has been growing globally at more than twice the rate of the population increase over the last century. Water scarcity is one of the main problems facing the world, especially the scarcity of clean and safe drinking water. Scarcity of drinking water is not only relevant in arid or semiarid regions, but also occurs in water-rich regions due to the decline in water quantity caused by pollution or salinity intrusion. As a part of Taihu Lake Basin, a famous water-rich region in China, Yixing City has a total area of 1996.6 km2, including 242.29 km2 from Taihu Lake, 215 rivers with an area of 130 km2, more than 20 ponds with an area of 0.05 km2, and 20 reservoirs with a total capacity of 126 million m3. There always has enough water in Yixing City. However, meteorological conditions and water quality both affect the available drinking water sources. Poor-quality water was used as a drinking water source in Yixing City during a drought event in 2011. Approximately 1.4 × 107 m3 of poor-quality water was used for drinking water in Yixing city, providing 37.13% of the total drinking water. It was a source of concern that the water quality was too poor to be used as drinking water and that the water treatment processes were expensive. The scarcity of drinking water has become a serious issue, not only in arid and semiarid regions but also in water towns such as Taihu Lake Basin, and this issue requires society’s attention. Many measures should be taken to relieve the drinking water shortage, such as seeking new drinking water sources, protecting the current water source areas, controlling pollution emissions, and implementing effective water resource management.

Physiological behavior of melon cultivars submitted to soil salinity1

ABSTRACT Melon is one of the most important vegetables for the Brazilian foreign trade. However, in semi-arid areas, the irregular rainfall, excessive use of fertilizers and, especially, poor quality water contribute to the soil salinization, becoming a limiting factor and damaging the photosynthetic apparatus, as well as affecting yield. This study aimed to evaluate the physiological behavior of melon cultivars submitted to soil salinity. For that, an experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, using a randomized block experimental design, in a 3 x 5 factorial scheme, with the first factor related to melon cultivars (Iracema, Goldex and Natal) and the second one related to soil salinity levels (0.3 dS m-1, 1.3 dS m-1, 2.3 dS m-1, 3.3 dS m-1 and 4.3 dS m-1 of electrical conductivity), with four replications. For soil salinization, a saturation extract with initial soil salinity of 0.3 dS m-1 was obtained, while the other levels were prepared by adding NaCl to the soil. The physiology of melon plants is negatively affected by the increased salinity in the soil. The evaluated cultivars do not show differences in tolerance for the physiological response to soil saline stress.

Characterisation of Treated Wastewater of M’Zab Valley for Reuse in Irrigation (Southern Algeria)

The reuse of treated wastewater can reduce the water deficit in Saharan areas, especially in Ghardaia. The M'Zab wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is designed to treat wastewater by the natural lagoon system, and to reuse the treated water for irrigation of agricultural perimeters in order to contribute to sustainable development efforts in the region. Indeed the present work aims to search for the study of the possibility of reusing treated wastewater of M 'Zab in irrigation, to do this, we established and followed the evolution of the various physical-chemical and bacteriological analysis for two years (2013-2015), to study the effectiveness of biological treatment in the reduction of wastewater pollution, and then compare the results of treated water with national and international standards in the field of 'irrigation. The results showed that the treated water is considered as poor quality water is not usable only for some salt-tolerant species and on well-drained soil and leached, require additional treatments for ensured the quality of this precious resource.