INDUCED MODIFICATIONS IN REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS OF SALT-TREATED PLANTS OF SORGHUM BICOLOR

1998 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.Nissim Amzallag
Keyword(s):  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Phenotypic Variability ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Salt Adaptation ◽  
Early Exposure ◽  
Stem Height ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Adaptation Response ◽  
Reproductive Characters

Plants of Sorghum bicolor were grown hydroponically in a solution containing 150 mM NaCl, and the reproductive characters were analyzed at the end of the life cycle. A subpopulation was exposed to salinity on day 8 following germination (early-exposed plants), and another subpopulation was first exposed to salinity on day 21 following germination (late-exposed plants). Fertility and stem height, as determined per g shoot dry weight (DW), were similar for control and late-exposed plants. However, these parameters were largely modified in early-exposed plants. The population of late-exposed plants displayed an increase in phenotypic variability. However, the monomodal structure of the population remained similar to that of the population of control plants. In contrast, a large increase in diversity was observed in the population of early-exposed plants, and the frequency distribution of the reproductive characters appeared as plurimodal for this population. Early exposure to NaCl has been previously shown to induce an increase in salinity tolerance of the plant (termed salt adaptation). This effect was not observed for late-exposed plants. The significance of the induced modifications in reproductive characters is discussed in the light of the salt adaptation response in Sorghum.

INFLUENCE OF THE MODE OF SALINIZATION ON REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS OF FIELD-GROWN PROGENY IN SORGHUM BICOLOR

1998 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.Nissim Amzallag ◽  
Avi Nachmias ◽  
Henri Lerner R.
Keyword(s):  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Phenotypic Variability ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Similar Increase ◽  
Stem Height ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Late Exposure ◽  
Parent Generation

The offspring of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench plants exposed to 150 mM NaCl eight or twenty-one days following germination were grown in field conditions, and were irrigated with non-saline water. As compared to the offspring of non-treated plants, the progeny of plants early-exposed to NaCl displayed an increase in shoot dry weight and stem height, but some of them showed a significant decrease in fertility. Similar changes were observed, but to a lesser extent, in the offspring of plants late-exposed to salinity. A similar increase in phenotypic variability was observed in populations of progeny from early-and late-treated plants. After verifying that the changes observed did not result from an artifactual selection, it was concluded that the NaCl treatment is able to influence characters expressed during the late development of the plant progeny. The nature of the induced change is discussed in relation to the plant response, adaptation or resistance, induced by the early or late exposure to salinity in the parent generation.

Effects of CGA-43089 on Responses of Sorghum (Sorghum Bicolor) to Metolachlor Combined by Ozone or Antioxidants

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 280-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kriton K. Hatzios
Keyword(s):  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Propyl Gallate ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Additive Effect ◽  
Piperonyl Butoxide ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Combination Treatments

In greenhouse studies, the potential interactive effects of metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] treatments combined with the air pollutant ozone (O3) or the antioxidants, piperonyl butoxide {α-[2-butoxyethyl) ethoxy]-4,5-dimethylenedioxy-2-propyltoluene} andn-propyl gallate, on the growth of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench ‘Funk G522DR’] seedlings that were protected or unprotected with the antidote, CGA-43089 [α-(cyanomethoximino)-benzacetonitrile], were examined. Metolachlor was applied preplant incorporated at rates of 2.2, 3.9, and 5.6 kg/ha, and it was evaluated against fumigation with O3at 0.2 and 0.3 ppmv or against 4.9, 6.7, and 9.0 kg/ha of each antioxidant applied preplant incorporated. In combination treatments, shoot dry weight at 30 days after planting was reduced more than expected by metolachlor in the presence of the protectant CGA-43089 and ozone or some rates of the two antioxidants, suggesting synergism. In the absence of the protectant, CGA-43089, growth responses of sorghum to combination treatments of metolachlor with ozone or propyl gallate suggested an additive effect, although some treatments of metolachlor combined with piperonyl butoxide interacted synergistically.

Phenotypic characterization of the dwarf-4 mutant of lettuce

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (10) ◽  
pp. 1541-1549 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Waycott ◽  
Brent Mersey
Keyword(s):  
Lactuca Sativa ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Gibberellin Biosynthesis ◽  
Scanning Electron Micrographs ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Stem Height ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight

The single recessive mutant dwarf-4 (d-4) of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) was selected as a potential genetic source of resistance to premature stem elongation (bolting). This study was undertaken to define the mutant phenotype and to characterize its reaction to applied gibberellin (GA). Scanning electron micrographs of mutant and wild-type achenes revealed surface and subsurface aberrations in d-4, suggesting abnormal development. Observed mutant irregularities included (i) abnormal achene formation causing irregularly shaped seeds, (ii) delayed and irregular germination, (iii) delayed but normal leaf growth and leaf area, (iv) 66% reduction in stem height, (v) 50% reduction in shoot dry weight, (vi) 0.45% viable pollen formation, and (vii) 98.9% self-sterility. Applications of GA3 did not affect the delay in growth, floral sterility, or abnormal achene shape but did increase stem height and shoot dry weight to wild-type levels at maturity. Hand pollinations were able to decrease self-sterility to 93.6%. Component analysis of mutant and wild-type achenes revealed d-4 had 32% lower fatty acid levels. There were no differences in carbohydrates, cell wall constituents, and moisture levels, although higher levels of protein and inorganic compounds were found. The observed d-4 phenotype suggests that its genetic lesion is not directly tied to irregularities of gibberellin biosynthesis but has some other genetic basis. Key words: Lactuca sativa, SEM, germination, stem elongation, sterility.

Confirmation of Shattercane (Sorghum bicolor) Resistance to ALS-Inhibiting Herbicides in Ohio

2002 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Traci L. Brenly-Bultemeier ◽  
Jeff Stachler ◽  
S. Kent Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Soil Seed Bank ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Als Inhibitors ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor L

A population of shattercane (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) located in Fairfield County, Ohio, was investigated for herbicide resistance after it persisted in a field that had been treated repeatedly with herbicides that inhibit acetolactate synthase (ALS). Herbicide bioassays confirmed cross-resistance of the suspected resistant (R) population to the ALS inhibitors nicosulfuron, primisulfuron, and imazethapyr. Herbicide doses required to reduce R shattercane shoot dry weight 50% (i.e., the GR50 values) were > 35,000, > 40,000, and 34,215 g ai/ha for nicosulfuron, primisulfuron, and imazethapyr, respectively. In contrast, GR50 values for the same herbicides applied to a susceptible (S) shattercane population from an adjacent county were 0.185, 0.025, and 0.038 g/ha, respectively. The high levels of resistance exhibited by the R population suggest that the resistance mechanism is due to one or more alterations in ALS, the herbicide target site. Effective management of ALS herbicide-resistant shattercane will require an integrated strategy designed to isolate the R population and deplete its soil seed bank while minimizing herbicide selection pressure. Accepted for publication 14 October 2002. Published 21 October 2002.

scholarly journals Influence of Day and Night Temperature on Development of Sweet Pepper Seedlings

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 862B-862
Author(s):  
Yaping Si ◽  
Royal D. Heins
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sweet Pepper ◽  
Internode Length ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Stem Height ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Plant Stem ◽  
The Difference

Sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum `Resistant Giant #4') seedlings were grown in 128-cell plug trays under 16 day/night temperature (DT/NT) regimes from 14 to 26C. In this temperature range, plant stem height, leaf unfolding rate, plant volume, internode length, stem diameter, leaf area, and shoot dry weight were primarily functions of average daily temperature (ADT). Internode length increased as ADT or the difference between day and night temperature (DIF) increased. The root-to-shoot ratio decreased linearly as DT increased and was not significantly affected by NT. Leaves were darker green under positive DIF than negative DIF temperature regimes. Increasing NT from 14 to 26C reduced the node at which the first flower appeared by an average of 1.2 nodes. Percent abortion of the first flower increased as DT increased. Plant quality, as defined by seedling index [(dry weight × stem diameter)/internode length], increased as DIF became more negative.

Responses of loblolly pine to ozone and simulated acidic rain

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 1715-1723 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.A. Reinert ◽  
S.R. Shafer ◽  
G. Eason ◽  
S.J. Horton ◽  
M.M. Schoeneberger
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stem Height ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Acidic Rain ◽  
Simulated Rain

Acidic rain and ozone (O3) may have serious consequences on the growth and development of loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.), a tree species of major economic importance in the southeastern United States. In two independent studies, seedlings of open-pollinated families of loblolly pine were exposed to five concentrations of O3 (0, 80, 160, 240, or 320 nL•L−1) and three simulated rain acidities (pH 5.3, 4.3, or 3.3). Following 23 weeks of growth (12 weeks in charcoal-filtered air and 11 weeks of O3 and simulated acidic rain exposures), stem height, secondary needle dry weight, top and total seedling dry weight, and root/shoot dry weight ratio all were related negatively and linearly with O3 concentration. Stem diameter and root dry weight were also suppressed by O3. Suppression of the growth parameters ranged from 14 to 35% for the greatest O3 concentration. Acidity of simulated rain did not affect seedlings, nor did it affect seedling responses to O3. Results indicate that acid rain probably has little effect on growth of loblolly pine seedlings, but O3 can suppress growth to varying degrees depending on family.

scholarly journals Mapping QTL for Root and Shoot Morphological Traits in a Durum Wheat × T. dicoccumSegregating Population at Seedling Stage

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Iannucci ◽  
Daniela Marone ◽  
Maria Anna Russo ◽  
Pasquale De Vita ◽  
Vito Miullo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Phenotypic Variability ◽  
Recombinant Inbred Lines ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Segregating Population

A segregating population of 136 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between the durum wheat cv. “Simeto” and theT. dicoccumaccession “Molise Colli” was grown in soil and evaluated for a number of shoot and root morphological traits. A total of 17 quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified for shoot dry weight, number of culms, and plant height and for root dry weight, volume, length, surface area, and number of forks and tips, on chromosomes 1B, 2A, 3A, 4B, 5B, 6A, 6B, and 7B. LODs were 2.1 to 21.6, with percent of explained phenotypic variability between 0.07 and 52. Three QTL were mapped to chromosome 4B, one of which corresponds to theRht-B1locus and has a large impact on both shoot and root traits (LOD 21.6). Other QTL that have specific effects on root morphological traits were also identified. Moreover, meta-QTL analysis was performed to compare the QTL identified in the “Simeto” × “Molise Colli” segregating population with those described in previous studies in wheat, with three novel QTL defined. Due to the complexity of phenotyping for root traits, further studies will be helpful to validate these regions as targets for breeding programs for optimization of root function for field performance.

Cell Size and Pretransplant Nutritional Conditioning Influences Early Vine Growth and Yield of Transplanted Watermelon

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 594e-594
Author(s):  
Charles J. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Cell Volume ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Soluble Solids Concentration

Research is needed to better understand the influence of cell volume and fertility on watermelon transplant size and field performance in order to determine the most economic production practices. `Jubilee' watermelon transplants were grown using a 4 x 4 factorial experimental design consisting of 4 cell volumes (30.7, 65.5, 147.5, and 349.6 cm3) and 4 fertility rates (0, 1/4, 1/2, and full-strength Hoagland's solution). Transplant shoot dry weight significantly increased as cell volume and fertility increased. Increasing cell volume linearly increased watermelon number/ha and tons/ha for early and total harvest in 1995. The average weight per watermelon significantly increased for early-harvested fruit but not for total harvest as cell volume increased in 1995. Soluble solids concentration linearly increased with increasing cell volume for early and total harvests in 1995. Cell volume had no significant influence on the harvest parameters measured in 1997. In 1995, increasing fertility linearly increased watermelon number/ha and tons/ha for early harvests. Increasing fertility increased the soluble solids concentration linearly for early-harvested watermelons in 1997 but not in 1995. Fertility rate had no significant influence on any of the other harvest parameters measured in 1995 and 1997. The growing conditions and disease pressure in 1997 reduced melons/ha, yield, and soluble solids content when compared to 1995 values. The half-strength Hoagland's solution produced the greatest number of watermelons/ha, tons/ha, and the highest soluble solids concentration in 1995 and 1997. Pretransplant nutritional conditioning had no significant effect on total `Jubilee' watermelon production in Louisiana for 1995 and 1997.

Effects of an Autoregulatory Senescence-inhibitor Gene Construct on Nicotiana alata Link and Otto.

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 519d-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth R. Schroeder ◽  
Dennis P. Stimart
Keyword(s):  
Agrobacterium Tumefaciens ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nicotiana Alata ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Delayed Senescence ◽  
Gene Construct ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Inhibitor System

Nicotiana alata Link and Otto. was transformed via Agrobacterium tumefaciens encoding a senescence-specific promoter SAG12 cloned from Arabidopsis thaliana fused to a Agrobacterium tumefaciens gene encoding isopentenyl transferase (IPT) that catalyzes cytokinin synthesis. This was considered an autoregulatory senescence-inhibitor system. In 1996, we reported delayed senescence of intact flowers by 2 to 6 d and delayed leaf senescence of transgenic vs. wild-type N. alata. Further evaluations in 1997 revealed several other interesting effects of the SAG12-IPT gene construct. Measurement of chlorophyll content of mature leaves showed higher levels of both chlorophyll a and b in transgenic material under normal fertilization and truncated fertilization regimes. At 4 to 5 months of age transgenic plants expressed differences in plant height, branching, and dry weight. Plant height was reduced by 3 to 13 cm; branch counts increased 2 to 3 fold; and shoot dry weight increased up to 11 g over wild-type N. alata. These observations indicate the system is not tightly autoregulated and may prove useful to the floriculture industry for producing compact and more floriferous plants.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF MINERAL DEFICIENCY ON MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND ON SHOOT AND ROOT MINERAL PARTITIONING IN THREE SUNFLOWER VARIETIES / EFECTO DE LA FALTA DE ELEMENTOS MINERALAS SOBRE LOS PARAMENTROS MORFOLOGICOS Y FISIOLOGICOS Y REPARTICION DE ELEMENTOS MINERALES DE LA PARTE SOBRE EL SUELO Y DE LA RAIZ EN TRES VARIEDADES / INFLUENCE DE LA CARENCE D’ÉLÉMENTS MINÉRAUX SUR LES PARAMÈTRES MORPHOLOGIQUES ET PHYSIOLOGIQUES ET SUR LA DISTRIBUTION DES ÉLÉMENTS MINÉRAUX ENTRE LA PARTIE AÉRIENNE ET LA RACINE POUR TROIS SORTES DE TOURNESOL

Helia ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 24 (35) ◽  
pp. 135-148
Author(s):  
Mohammed El Midaoui ◽  
Ahmed Talouizte ◽  
Benbella Mohamed ◽  
Serieys Hervé ◽  
Ait Houssa Abdelhadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Mineral Deficiency ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
K Deficiency ◽  
Matter Effect

SUMMARYAn experiment has been carried out in order to study the behaviour under mineral deficiency of three sunflower genotypes, a population variety (Oro 9) and two hybrids (Mirasol and Albena). Sunflower seedlings were submitted to five treatments: N deficiency (N0), P deficiency (P0), K deficiency (K0), N and K deficiency (N0K0) and a control. Plants were harvested when they reached 3-4 true pairs of leaves. Growth parameters measured (height, total leaf area, root length, root and shoot dry mater) were all significantly reduced by mineral deficiency. Leaf area was most reduced by N0 (-61%) and P0 (-56%). Total dry matter was most affected by N0 (-63%) and by N0K0 (-66%). Genotype comparisons showed that Oro 9 had the highest shoot dry matter while Albena had the lowest root dry matter. Effect of mineral deficiency on content and partitioning of N, P, K, Ca and Na was significant and varied according to treatments and among plant parts. Shoot dry weight was significantly correlated with root N content (r2=0.81) and root K content (r2=-0.61) for N0 and K0.

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