Cross-National Explorations of the Impact of Affect at Work Using the State-Trait Emotion Measure: A Coordinated Series of Studies in the United States, China, and Romania

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 405-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward L. Levine ◽  
Xian Xu ◽  
Liu-Qin Yang ◽  
Dan Ispas ◽  
Horia D. Pitariu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Affect At Work ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cross National

scholarly journals Warlords, the United States, and the state of anarchy in Afghanistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Shah Azami
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
State Building ◽  
The State ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Human Rights Abuses ◽  
Illegal Mining ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

As part of its “War on Terror”, the United States (US) provided immense sums of money and advanced equipment to Afghan warlords in order to defeat and dismantle the Taliban and al-Qaeda in Afghanistan. Nearly two decades after the 2001 US-led intervention in Afghanistan that toppled the Taliban regime, the US continues supporting the warlords in various ways. As the intervention was also aimed at establishing a functioning state and reconstruction of the war-torn country, the US needed the support of local warlords to achieve its goals. However, over time, warlords and warlordism became a major challenge to the postTaliban state-building project and in many ways undermined the overall security and the state monopoly on violence. These warlords, who had been mostly expelled and defeated by the Taliban regime, returned under the aegis of the B52 bombers, recaptured parts of the country and reestablished their fiefdoms with US support and resources. They not only resist giving up the power and prestige they have accumulated over the past few years, but also hamper the effort to improve governance and enact necessary reforms in the country. In addition, many of them run their private militias and have been accused of serious human rights abuses as well as drug trafficking, arms smuggling, illegal mining and extortion in the areas under their control or influence. In many ways, they challenge the government authority and have become a major hurdle to the country’s emerging from lawlessness and anarchy. This paper explores the emergence and reemergence of warlords in Afghanistan as well as the evolution of chaos and anarchy in the country, especially after the US-led intervention of late 2001. It also analyzes the impact of the post-9/11 US support to Afghan warlords and its negative consequences for the overall stability and the US-led state-building process in Afghanistan.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF MIGRATION FROM VENEZUELA ON THE DOMESTIC POLITICAL SITUATION IN THE UNITED STATES

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergey Yu Belokonev ◽  
Sergey A Vodopetov ◽  
Vladimir G Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Democratic Party ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Donald Trump ◽  
Important Region ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Presidential Election Campaign

The authors analyze the impact of migration from Venezuela on the domestic policy of the United States. According to the data for 2017, more than 11 percent of immigrants to the United States from South America are Venezuelans, and the same figure for 2016 was close to 9 percent, which indicates a fairly sharp increase in the number of refugees. An active influx of Venezuelans may be one of the key factors in the future US 2020 presidential elections. The largest diaspora of Venezuelans in the United States lives in Florida, which will be one of the key states in the future presidential election campaign. In connection with the potential loss of Republican’s positions in such an important region as Florida, it is necessary for the administration of Donald Trump to reconsider its policy in the state. In addition, representatives of the Democratic party are greatly interested in increasing influence in the state. Thus, the authors conclude that the administration of Donald Trump generally benefits from the crisis in Venezuela, as it will help to carry out a number of domestic political reforms aimed at economic protectionism and tackling of immigration.

scholarly journals Domestic Dynamics of Political Islam in the Greater Middle East

2007 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Rudman ◽  
Kevin Schoonover ◽  
Arthur Neron-Bancel ◽  
Israel Barriga
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Middle East ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Islam ◽  
The State ◽  
Western World ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Force ◽  
Political Background ◽  
The Impact

These four nations showcase the state of Islamism as a political force in the Middle East. Because of differing political circumstances in each state, the impact and viability of following Muslim law varies. In order to best explain why this is so, we will explore the political background of each nation, as well as discuss the current political climates of the countries in question. Finally, we will postulate as to what type of impact the ascension of an Islamic government will have on relations with the Western world, whether it be European nations, as is the case with Turkey, or the United States, as with Kuwait, Jordan and Egypt. The implications of this possibility are enormous; therefore, we feel that the importance of understanding the region cannot be overstated.

scholarly journals Prison Gangs

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danilo Freire
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
The United States ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
The State ◽  
Correctional Facilities ◽  
Street Level ◽  
Illicit Markets ◽  
Prison Gangs ◽  
The Impact

Although widely seen as unruly and predatory, prison gangs operate as quasi-governments in many American correctional facilities. Inmate groups enforce property rights, regulate illicit markets, and promote cooperation when the state is unable or unwilling to act. Prison gangs are relatively new to the United States, and are best understood as unintended consequences of recent shifts in inmate demographics and the gradual erosion of the convict code. The impact of prison gangs on street-level criminal activities and directions for further research are also discussed.

Estimating the Value of a Unitization Law for Shale Gas Development

2019 ◽  
Vol 142 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Kleit ◽  
Eakasit Leelachutipong ◽  
John Yilin Wang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Shale Gas ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Effective Mechanism ◽  
Horizontal Drilling ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
Property Owners ◽  
Nature Gas ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Horizontal drilling together with hydraulic fracturing has become a very effective mechanism for the extraction of natural gas in several shale plays in the United States. Efficient horizontal drilling, however, generally requires operating in a “unit,” across the property of numerous landowners. If a landowner, however, is unwilling to allow drilling beneath their property, the result can be harmful to both the producing company and other landowners in the unit. To address this problem, most major oil and nature gas states, except for Pennsylvania, have unitization statutes. We examine the impact of such laws by looking at the recent Emersyn matter from the state of Ohio. We estimate that the unitization ordered by the State of Ohio greatly increased the potential recoverable product from the proposed unit. Just as importantly, it more than proportionally increased the profits to the producer and royalty owners. Our results also show that the breakeven production price is very sensitive to whether forced unitization is available to the producer. At least three policy issues arise from this analysis. First, the rationale for unitization is not clear in all circumstances. In the Emersyn matter, the State of Ohio required access to property rights, even though not allowing such access would not have “stranded” any other landowners, and where the party in question was a sophisticated producer, rather than a landowner. Second, there appears to be no guidance for setting reimbursements to property owners who are forced to allow producers access to their property. Third, it is not clear the extent to which the state should take the producers' plans as given, rather than inquire about options to unitization.

Mexico: The Evolution of a Multiparty State

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nora Hamilton ◽  
Patrice Olsen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Political System ◽  
Mexican Revolution ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Drug War ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
The Impact

Several distinct features have shaped Mexico’s political development, among them its geographic characteristics, including its proximity to, and shifting relations with, the United States; the existence of a significant indigenous population whose distinct cultures and interaction with the Spanish colonists helped determine the trajectory of Mexican history; and the Mexican revolution, which in turn shaped the political system and ideology of much of the 20th century. These in turn have influenced research issues and debates, including (a) conceptualizations of the indigenous populations and the impact of colonialism (caste system vs. mestizo/cosmic race), growing emphasis on size and identity of indigenous groups and other minorities, and the search for autonomy by indigenous communities; (b) foreign relations, and especially the impact of the United States, including annexation of half of Mexico’s territory following the Mexican–American War, foreign ownership and control of Mexican assets (dependent development, “triple alliance”), and the impact of globalization and neoliberalism (outward- vs. inward-oriented development, North American Free Trade Agreement, cross-border alliances); (c) the nature and impact of the Mexican revolution, including origins and goals of distinct revolutionary groups, the Constitution, reforms and their limits in the early postrevolutionary period, and the creation of a unique political system combining elements of flexibility and repression; (d) the role of the state, including debates regarding the independence of the state vs. class control, and its significance in the protection of national interests and promoting social reforms and economic development; and (e) migration, including U.S. recruitment of Mexican labor, increasing emphasis on the Mexican border and restrictions on migrants, contributions of Mexican migrants to Mexico (remittances, hometown associations and other associations linking Mexicans to their home communities), and cooperation of Mexico with the United States in controlling Central American migration. International research issues, including concerns about human rights and the rights of women, minorities and other disadvantaged groups, as well as developments in Mexico in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, have also had an important impact on Mexican research, among them (a) democratization, including the role of social groups, decentralization, and the limits to democracy (ongoing corruption, fraudulent elections, and continued poverty and inequality), and (b) the drug issue, including the emergence of the cartels and increased violence with the militarization of the drug war under the Calderón presidency, policy concentrating on kingpin strategy, and the role of the United States as drug market and supplier of guns as well as a source of assistance in the drug war focused on military aid and the destruction of drug producing areas. These conditions present formidable challenges to President Andrés Manuel López Obrador, whose anticorruption, proreform agenda and widespread support brought hope for change.

scholarly journals The Effects Of Immigration: An Examination Of Relative Wages In California's Agriculture

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Gritsch
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Theory ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Agricultural Workers ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Plausible Assumption ◽  
Relative Wages ◽  
The Impact

Economic theory suggests that certain native workers experience a decrease in their wage in response to an inflow of immigrants. However, a large number of empirical studies have failed to find substantial negative effects on the wages of natives due to immigration. In this paper, I identify three possible aggregation problems that may lead to such small estimates of the reduction in natives wages: First, immigrants from various countries with varying characteristics are often lumped together in the literature. There are substantial differences between immigrants from different source countries, however, e.g., in terms of education. Second, Metropolitan Statistical Areas may not exhibit much across-variation in immigrant shares so that the influence of immigrants on natives wages may not be distinguishable from other factors. Third, most previous work assumes that the effect on natives wages is the same regardless of the industry in which a native works. This may not be a plausible assumption to make given that immigrants are heavily concentrated in some industries. I address these issues in the following ways: First, I use a special immigrant definition to focus on a certain type of immigrant. I define an individual as an immigrant if that person entered the United States within the previous ten calendar years and if that person reports his or her ability to speak English as Not well or Not at all. Second, I examine the state of California, the state that has been the state with the highest levels of immigration in recent decades. Third, I focus on the agricultural sector within California, an industry that has one of the highest shares of immigrant workers of all industries. I examine whether modifying the research strategy typically employed in previous work by taking these three aggregation issues into consideration enables researchers to find substantial negative effects of immigration on the wages of natives. I study the impact of immigration on native agricultural workers in California by comparing their wages to the wages of native agricultural workers in a large region in the Northern part of the United States. In that comparison, regional differences in the cost of living must be accounted for. I achieve that by expressing agricultural workers wages relative to the wages of a reference group that is chosen for its small share of immigrants. In the comparison of relative wages, I find that low-skilled natives in Californias agriculture indeed do earn lower hourly wages than their counterparts in the North of the United States, thus reconciling empirical estimates with economic theory.

Toward a Comparative Understanding of Foundations

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (13) ◽  
pp. 1956-1971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Toepler
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Organizational Form ◽  
The State ◽  
Philanthropic Foundations ◽  
Significant Growth ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Cross National

Reviewing information on philanthropic foundations in the United States, Germany, and 10 other countries, this article presents an overview assessment of the major similarities and difficulties involved in cross-national comparisons of this particular organizational form. Over the past two or three decades, foundations have experienced significant growth in many parts of the world, spurred by enabling policies devised by policymakers eager to generate private resources for public purposes. This article comparatively discusses relationships between foundations and other sectors, including the state; the purposes, approaches, and roles foundations pursue; and what makes these institutions distinctive. It concludes with some policy considerations.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shelton Stromquist ◽  
Greg Patmore
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Trade Union ◽  
Industrial Relations ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Organized Labor ◽  
Trade Union Movement ◽  
Union Movement ◽  
National Boundaries ◽  
The Impact

Comparative history provides an opportunity for scholars to move beyond national boundaries and reflect on their own societies in new light. But such comparisons are not always straightforward. While both Australia and the United States have federal governments, the state played a more coercive role against organized labor and radicals in the United States than in Australia. Several factors softened the impact of the state on labor in Australia: a stronger trade union movement, the formation of labor parties, and a political consensus on regulating industrial relations at least until the 1980s. In the United States, unbridled hostility of large corporations toward organized labor governed state policy. Despite these differences, labor in both countries found political space to promote progressive policies and modify the harsh behavior of governments....

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