Modulation of motor learning and memory formation by non-invasive cortical stimulation of the primary motor cortex

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 650-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Tanaka ◽  
Marco Sandrini ◽  
Leonardo G. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Motor Learning ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Cortical Stimulation ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Stimulation Of

Facilitation of Implicit Motor Learning by Weak Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Primary Motor Cortex in the Human

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 619-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Nitsche ◽  
Astrid Schauenburg ◽  
Nicolas Lang ◽  
David Liebetanz ◽  
Cornelia Exner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Motor Learning ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Cortical Excitability ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Anodal Stimulation ◽  
Implicit Motor Learning ◽  
Consolidation Phase ◽  
Implicit Motor ◽  
Stimulation Of

Transcranially applied weak direct currents are capable of modulating motor cortical excitability in the human. Anodal stimulation enhances excitability, cathodal stimulation diminishes it. Cortical excitability changes accompany motor learning. Here we show that weak direct currents are capable of improving implicit motor learning in the human. During performance of a serial reaction time task, the primary motor cortex, premotor, or prefrontal cortices were stimulated contralaterally to the performing hand. Anodal stimulation of the primary motor cortex resulted in increased performance, whereas stimulation of the remaining cortices had no effect. We conclude that the primary motor cortex is involved in the acquisition and early consolidation phase of implicit motor learning.

scholarly journals New Results on Brain Stimulation in Chronic Pain

2017 ◽  
Vol 01 (04) ◽  
pp. E312-E315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Antal ◽  
Walter Paulus ◽  
Veit Rohde
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Pain Treatment ◽  
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Motor Cortex Stimulation ◽  
Invasive Procedures ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Deep Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

AbstractPain that has become chronic has lost its warning function and is associated with dysfunction of the so-called pain network. Systematic brain stimulation aims to normalize this network by modulating neuronal activities. Non-invasive DC stimulation (tDCS) or repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) are considered effective in pain treatment. Here, the stimulation of the primary motor cortex (M1) plays a central role. If the pain is not adequately controlled by tDCS and rTMS, invasive procedures such as motor cortex stimulation (MCS) or deep brain stimulation are available as a last resort.

Multifocal Noninvasive Magnetic Stimulation of the Primary Motor Cortex in Type 1 Myotonic Dystrophy –A Proof of Concept Pilot Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Ericka Greene ◽  
Jason Thonhoff ◽  
Blessy S. John ◽  
David B. Rosenfield ◽  
Santosh A. Helekar
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Myotonic Dystrophy ◽  
Muscle Function ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Compound Muscle Action Potential ◽  
Sham Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Of

Background: Repeated neuromuscular electrical stimulation in type 1 Myotonic Dystrophy (DM1) has previously been shown to cause an increase in strength and a decrease in hyperexcitability of the tibialis anterior muscle. Objective: In this proof-of-principle study our objective was to test the hypothesis that noninvasive repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the primary motor cortex (M1) with a new portable wearable multifocal stimulator causes improvement in muscle function in DM1 patients. Methods: We performed repetitive stimulation of M1, localized by magnetic resonance imaging, with a newly developed Transcranial Rotating Permanent Magnet Stimulator (TRPMS). Using a randomized within-patient placebo-controlled double-blind TRPMS protocol, we performed unilateral active stimulation along with contralateral sham stimulation every weekday for two weeks in 6 adults. Methods for evaluation of muscle function involved electromyography (EMG), hand dynamometry and clinical assessment using the Medical Research Council scale. Results: All participants tolerated the treatment well. While there were no significant changes clinically, EMG showed significant improvement in nerve stimulus-evoked compound muscle action potential amplitude of the first dorsal interosseous muscle and a similar but non-significant trend in the trapezius muscle, after a short exercise test, with active but not sham stimulation. Conclusions: We conclude that two-week repeated multifocal cortical stimulation with a new wearable transcranial magnetic stimulator can be safely conducted in DM1 patients to investigate potential improvement of muscle strength and activity. The results obtained, if confirmed and extended by future safety and efficacy trials with larger patient samples, could offer a potential supportive TRPMS treatment in DM1.

scholarly journals Cerebellar rTMS and PAS effectively induce cerebellar plasticity

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martje G. Pauly ◽  
Annika Steinmeier ◽  
Christina Bolte ◽  
Feline Hamami ◽  
Elinor Tzvi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Cortical Excitability ◽  
Motor Evoked Potentials ◽  
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Motor Pathways ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Cerebellar Plasticity

AbstractNon-invasive brain stimulation techniques including repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS), paired associative stimulation (PAS), and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have been applied over the cerebellum to induce plasticity and gain insights into the interaction of the cerebellum with neo-cortical structures including the motor cortex. We compared the effects of 1 Hz rTMS, cTBS, PAS and tDCS given over the cerebellum on motor cortical excitability and interactions between the cerebellum and dorsal premotor cortex / primary motor cortex in two within subject designs in healthy controls. In experiment 1, rTMS, cTBS, PAS, and tDCS were applied over the cerebellum in 20 healthy subjects. In experiment 2, rTMS and PAS were compared to sham conditions in another group of 20 healthy subjects. In experiment 1, PAS reduced cortical excitability determined by motor evoked potentials (MEP) amplitudes, whereas rTMS increased motor thresholds and facilitated dorsal premotor-motor and cerebellum-motor cortex interactions. TDCS and cTBS had no significant effects. In experiment 2, MEP amplitudes increased after rTMS and motor thresholds following PAS. Analysis of all participants who received rTMS and PAS showed that MEP amplitudes were reduced after PAS and increased following rTMS. rTMS also caused facilitation of dorsal premotor-motor cortex and cerebellum-motor cortex interactions. In summary, cerebellar 1 Hz rTMS and PAS can effectively induce plasticity in cerebello-(premotor)-motor pathways provided larger samples are studied.

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