Glucocorticoids: mechanisms of action and anti-inflammatory potential in asthma

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic will be remembered as one of the worst catastrophic events in human history. Unfortunately, no universally recognized effective therapeutic agents are currently available for the treatment of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this context, the use of convalescent plasma from recovered COVID-19 patients has gained increasing interest thanks to the initially positive clinical reports. A number of mechanisms of action have been proposed for convalescent plasma, including direct neutralization and suppression of viremia, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulation effects and mitigation of the COVID-19-associated hypercoagulable state. These immune and non-immune mechanisms will be critically discussed in this narrative review.

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LB729 A Parthenolide-Depleted Feverfew Extract Reverses Genetic and Epigenetic Changes induced by Particulate Matter Demonstrating Pleiotropic Mechanisms of Action Behind its Anti-Inflammatory Benefits and Protection Against Pollution

Journal of Investigative Dermatology ◽

10.1016/j.jid.2021.07.085 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 141 (9) ◽

pp. B7

Author(s):

W. Li ◽

A. Yang ◽

F. Liu-Walsh ◽

R. Parsa

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Epigenetic Changes ◽

Anti Inflammatory

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Evidences of hydroxytyrosol as an anti-inflammatory agent in Parkinson’s disease: insights into the mechanisms of action

Neural Regeneration Research ◽

10.4103/1673-5374.297075 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (5) ◽

pp. 992

Author(s):

AnaMaría Espinosa-Oliva ◽

Ruth Hornedo-Ortega

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Inflammatory Agent ◽

Anti Inflammatory

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Flavonoids as Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Drugs: Mechanisms of Action and Perspectives in the Development of Pharmaceutical Forms

Bioactive Natural Products - Studies in Natural Products Chemistry ◽

10.1016/b978-0-444-53836-9.00026-8 ◽

2012 ◽

pp. 297-330 ◽

Cited By ~ 53

Author(s):

Waldiceu A. Verri ◽

Fabiana T.M.C. Vicentini ◽

Marcela M. Baracat ◽

Sandra R. Georgetti ◽

Renato D.R. Cardoso ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Analgesic Drugs ◽

Anti Inflammatory

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Methanolic Extract of Distemonanthus benthamianus (Caesalpiniaceae) Stem Bark Suppresses Ethanol/Indomethacin-Induced Chronic Gastric Injury in Rats

Gastroenterology Research and Practice ◽

10.1155/2020/8180323 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

Vanessa Mba Matah Marte ◽

Gilbert Ateufack ◽

Marius Mbiantcha ◽

Albert Donatien Atsamo ◽

Carine Flore Adjouzem ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Methanolic Extract ◽

Protein Denaturation ◽

Hematological Parameters ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Male Rats ◽

Gastric Ulcers ◽

Gastric Injury ◽

Ros Production ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Distemonanthus benthamianus (Caesalpiniaceae) is a plant from the Cameroon pharmacopoeia very widely used in the treatment of many pathologies among which are gastrointestinal disorders. The main purpose of this study was to assess the healing properties of gastric ulcer from the methanolic extract of Distemonanthus benthamianus and its mechanisms of action. The healing properties of gastric ulcers (chronic ulcer model induced by ethanol and indomethacin) were evaluated in vivo in adult male rats, while the mechanisms of action were evaluated in vitro by anti-inflammatory assay (protein denaturation, cyclooxygenase, and lipoxygenase assays) and immunomodulatory assay (ROS production (using technical chemiluminescence), cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) production (using ELISA), proliferation of T cells (using liquid scintillation counter), and cytotoxicity (using MTT assay)). The methanolic extract of Distemonanthus benthamianus inhibited protein denaturation (75.63%) and the activities of cyclooxygenase (78.92%) and 5-lipoxygenase (81.54%). The extract also significantly ( p < 0.001 ) inhibited intracellular and extracellular ROS production and T cell proliferation and reduced significantly ( p < 0.01 , p < 0.001 ) TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and PGE2 production. At all doses (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg), the extract significantly reduces the ulceration index and the area of ulceration and significantly increases the mass of gastric mucus. In addition, the extract significantly decreases the level of MDA, significantly increases the activities of catalase and glutathione, and then improves the hematological parameters in sick animals. Histological micrographs show that in the presence of the extract, there is advanced reepithelialization with recovery of the ulcerated epithelium. Thus, the extract of Distemonanthus benthamianus has healing properties against gastric ulcers which are associated with its anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant effects.

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Amelioration of metabolic syndrome by metformin associates with reduced indices of low-grade inflammation independently of the gut microbiota

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.00245.2019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 317 (6) ◽

pp. E1121-E1130 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Aneseh Adeshirlarijaney ◽

Jun Zou ◽

Hao Q. Tran ◽

Benoit Chassaing ◽

Andrew T. Gewirtz

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Early Stage ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Low Grade ◽

Inflammatory Agent ◽

Frontline Treatment ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Low Grade Inflammation

Metformin beneficially impacts several aspects of metabolic syndrome including dysglycemia, obesity, and liver dysfunction, thus making it a widely used frontline treatment for early-stage type 2 diabetes, which is associated with these disorders. Several mechanisms of action for metformin have been proposed, including that it acts as an anti-inflammatory agent, possibly as a result of its impact on intestinal microbiota. In accord with this possibility, we observed herein that, in mice with diet-induced metabolic syndrome, metformin impacts the gut microbiota by preventing its encroachment upon the host, a feature of metabolic syndrome in mice and humans. However, the ability of metformin to beneficially impact metabolic syndrome in mice was not markedly altered by reduction or elimination of gut microbiota, achieved by the use of antibiotics or germfree mice. Although reducing or eliminating microbiota by itself suppressed diet-induced dysglycemia, other features of metabolic syndrome including obesity, hepatic steatosis, and low-grade inflammation remained suppressed by metformin in the presence or absence of gut microbiota. These results support a role for anti-inflammatory activity of metformin, irrespective of gut microbiota, in driving some of the beneficial impacts of this drug on metabolic syndrome.

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