First report of Bihar hairy caterpillar, Spilarctia obliqua Walker (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), infesting sweet basil in India

Sweet basil, Ocimum basilicum L., is a fragrant herb belonging to the family Lamiaceae. Originated in India 5,000 years ago, sweet basil plays a significant role in diverse cuisines across the world, especially in Asian and Italian cooking. In October 2008, hundreds of plants showing symptoms of leaf spot with nearly 100% incidence were found in polyethylene tunnels at an organic farm in Icheon, Korea. Leaf spots were circular to subcircular, water-soaked, dark brown with grayish center, and reached 10 mm or more in diameter. Diseased leaves defoliated prematurely. The damage purportedly due to this disease has reappeared every year with confirmation of the causal agent made again in 2011. A cercosporoid fungus was consistently associated with disease symptoms. Stromata were brown, consisting of brown cells, and 10 to 40 μm in width. Conidiophores were fasciculate (n = 2 to 10), olivaceous brown, paler upwards, straight to mildly curved, not geniculate in shorter ones or one to two times geniculate in longer ones, 40 to 200 μm long, occasionally reaching up to 350 μm long, 3.5 to 6 μm wide, and two- to six-septate. Conidia were hyaline, acicular to cylindric, straight in shorter ones, flexuous to curved in longer ones, truncate to obconically truncate at the base, three- to 16-septate, and 50 to 300 × 3.5 to 4.5 μm. Morphological characteristics of the fungus were consistent with the previous reports of Cercospora guatemalensis A.S. Mull. & Chupp (1,3). Voucher specimens were housed at Korea University herbarium (KUS). An isolate from KUS-F23757 was deposited in the Korean Agricultural Culture Collection (Accession No. KACC43980). Fungal DNA was extracted with DNeasy Plant Mini DNA Extraction Kits (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA). The complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified with the primers ITS1/ITS4 and sequenced. The resulting sequence of 548 bp was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. JQ995781). This showed >99% similarity with sequences of many Cercospora species, indicating their close phylogenetic relationship. Isolate of KACC43980 was used in the pathogenicity tests. Hyphal suspensions were prepared by grinding 3-week-old colonies grown on PDA with distilled water using a mortar and pestle. Five plants were inoculated with hyphal suspensions and five plants were sprayed with sterile distilled water. The plants were covered with plastic bags to maintain a relative humidity of 100% for 24 h and then transferred to a 25 ± 2°C greenhouse with a 12-h photoperiod. Typical symptoms of necrotic spots appeared on the inoculated leaves 6 days after inoculation, and were identical to the ones observed in the field. C. guatemalensis was reisolated from symptomatic leaf tissues, confirming Koch's postulates. No symptoms were observed on control plants. Previously, the disease was reported in Malawi, India, China, and Japan (2,3), but not in Korea. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. guatemalensis on sweet basil in Korea. Since farming of sweet basil has recently started on a commercial scale in Korea, the disease poses a serious threat to safe production of this herb, especially in organic farming. References: (1) C. Chupp. A Monograph of the Fungus Genus Cercospora. Ithaca, NY, 1953. (2) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases. Systematic Mycology & Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ , May 5, 2012. (3) J. Nishikawa et al. J. Gen. Plant Pathol. 68:46, 2002.

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The First Report of Downy Mildew Caused by Peronospora belbahrii on Sweet Basil in Greenhouses in the Czech Republic

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-07-13-0747-pdn ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 98 (11) ◽

pp. 1579-1579 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

I. Šafránková ◽

L. Holková

Keyword(s):

Czech Republic ◽

Downy Mildew ◽

Width Ratio ◽

Specific Sequence ◽

The Czech Republic ◽

First Report ◽

Sweet Basil ◽

Potted Plants ◽

Length Width ◽

Necrotic Spots

Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is an aromatic plant that is cultivated as a pot plant in greenhouses or in fields in the Czech Republic. The plants are intended for direct consumption or for drying. In April of 2012, the first large chlorotic from the middle necrotic spots occurred gradually on leaves of pot plants O. basilicum cv. Genovese in greenhouses in Central Bohemia. The characteristic gray to brown furry growth of downy mildew appeared on abaxial surfaces of leaves in the place of chlorotic spots within 3 to 4 days. The infested leaves fell off in the late stages of pathogenesis. The infestation gradually manifested itself in ever-younger plants and in July, cotyledons and possibly the first true leaves were already heavily infected and damaged and these plants rapidly died. The plant damage reached 80 to 100%, so it was necessary to stop growing the plants in the greenhouse at the end of July. The causal agent was isolated and identified as Peronospora belbahrii Thines by means of morphological and molecular characters (2,3). Conidiophores were hyaline, straight, monopodial, 280 to 460 μm, branched three to five times, ended with two slightly curved branchlets with a single conidia on each branchled tip. The longer branchlets measured 13 to 24 μm (average 18.2 μm), the shorter one 4 to 15 μm (average 9.7 μm). Conidia were rounded or slightly ovoid, from brownish to dark brownish, measured 22 to 31 × 20 to 28 μm (length/width ratio 1.2). A pathogen-specific sequence was detected with the help of the pathogen ITS rDNA specific primers in symptomatic leaves (1). DNA from plant tissues was isolated using the DNeasy plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Germany) following the standard protocol. PCR was performed using KAPA2G Robust HotStar kit (Kapa Biosystems, United States) according to the conditions recommended in Belbahri et al. (1). The specific products were visualized by electrophoresis through 1.5% agarose gels. Leaves of 20-day-old potted plants O. basilicum ‘Genovese’ were inoculated by spraying with 5 × 105 conidia/ml of the pathogen. Each pot contained 10 plants. Sterilized distilled water was applied to control plants. Plants were covered with polyethylene bags during the entire incubation period to maintain high humidity, and kept at a temperature of 22 to 24°C. Typical disease symptoms appeared on leaves 5 to 9 days after inoculation. Control plants were symptomless. P. belbahrii was re-isolated from the lesions of inoculated plants, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. Downy mildew on sweet basil was reported in countries in Africa, Europe, and South and North America (4). To our knowledge, this is the first report of downy mildew on sweet basil in the Czech Republic. References: (1) L. Belbahri et al. Mycol. Res. 109:1276, 2005. (2) Y.-J. Choi et al. Mycol. Res. 113:1340, 2009. (3) M. Thines et al. Mycol. Res. 113:532, 2009. (4) C. A. Wyenandt et al. HortScience 45:1416, 2010.

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First Report of Tomato chlorotic spot virus in Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum) and Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) in Florida

Plant Health Progress ◽

10.1094/php-04-17-0027-br ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 126-128 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Richard N. Raid ◽

Joel R. Allingham ◽

Joseph E. Funderburk ◽

Thomas Skarlinsky ◽

Samuel F. Hutton ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Virus Infection ◽

Plant Species ◽

Sequence Data ◽

Ocimum Basilicum ◽

Lateral Flow ◽

Lateral Flow Immunoassay ◽

Spot Virus ◽

First Report ◽

Chlorotic Spot ◽

Sweet Basil

Typical tosposvirus symptoms, lateral flow immunoassay testing, and sequence data confirm this identification, which is therefore the first report of Tomato chlorotic spot virus infection of sweet basil and purslane in Florida and of the specific plant species from any location.

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First Report of Downy Mildew Caused by Peronospora belbahrii on Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum) in Cyprus

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-07-13-0759-pdn ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 98 (2) ◽

pp. 283-283 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

L. Kanetis ◽

A. Vasiliou ◽

G. Neophytou ◽

S. Samouel ◽

D. Tsaltas

Keyword(s):

Downy Mildew ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Infected Plant ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Ocimum Basilicum ◽

First Report ◽

Consensus Sequences ◽

Sweet Basil ◽

Plastic Bags ◽

Necrotic Spots

Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is an economically important annual aromatic plant, grown mostly for culinary use for both fresh and dry consumption and as a source of essential oil. In Cyprus, approximately 4 ha are grown annually, either in greenhouses as a year-round crop or in open fields from April to November, and the majority of the production is exported to the European market. During May 2012, a sweet basil cv. Genovese Gigante greenhouse operation in the area of Limassol was severely affected by a foliar disease, causing almost 100% crop losses. Within a few days, a similar, heavy disease incidence was also reported from a nearby greenhouse facility on the Genovese-type cultivars Superbo, Aroma 2, and Bonazza, as well as on Thai basil (O. basilicum var. thyrsiflorum). Successively, destructive hits of similar symptomatology have been reported from other areas and since then the disease appears to have been well-established in the country, causing major economic damages. It is also noteworthy to mention that in greenhouse infections the disease remains active even during winter, considering the mild environmental conditions and the monoculture fashion followed. Symptoms appeared on the leaves initially as interveinal, zonal, chlorotic lesions, followed by the appearance of a fuzzy, purplish sporulation on the abaxial side. Progressively, infected leaves curled and sporadic necrotic spots were evident and finally abscised. Light microscopic examination of infected samples revealed the presence of straight, hyaline sporangiophores (n = 15) typical of downy mildew, 210 to 590 μm long (mean = 350.7 μm; SD ± 117.5 μm) × 12 to 15 μm wide (mean = 13.1 μm; SD ± 1.4 μm). Sporangiophores were monopodially branched three to five times, terminating with curved branchlets bearing single sporangia at their tips. The sporangia (n = 25) were purplish-grey, ovoid to subglobose, and measured 32 to 22 μm in length (mean = 27.2 μm; SD ± 2.8 μm) and 30 to 10 μm in breadth (mean = 21.7 μm; SD ± 4.8 μm). Based on these morphological characteristics, the causal agent was identified as Peronospora belbahrii Thines (1,4). Furthermore, genomic DNA was extracted from infected plant tissue from eight different samples according to Dellaporta et al. (2). The complete ITS rDNA region was amplified and sequenced using primers ITS5 and ITS4 (3). Two of the consensus sequences were deposited in GenBank (Accession Nos. KF419289 and KF419290) and a BLAST analysis in the NCBI database revealed 99% similarity to all of the P. belbahrii sequences and other Peronospora sp. previously reported on sweet basil (Accession Nos. AY831719, DQ479408, FJ394336, and FJ436024). In a pathogenicity trial, five 40-day-old potted sweet basil plants were spray-inoculated with a sporangial suspension (1 × 105 sporangia/ml) until runoff, bagged for 24 h, and placed in a growth chamber at 18°C. Subsequently, the plastic bags were removed and the plants were kept at 22°C with a 16-h photoperiod and 80% relative humidity. Additionally, five plants were water-sprayed and served as controls. Typical downy mildew symptoms appeared 6 to 8 days after inoculation, while the uninoculated plants remained disease-free. To our knowledge, this is first report of downy mildew on sweet basil in Cyprus. References: (1) L. Belbahri et al. Mycol. Res. 109:1276, 2005. (2) S. L. Dellaporta et al. Plant Mol. Biol. Rep., 1:19, 1983. (3) G. Nagy and A. Horvat, Plant Dis. 93:1999, 2009. (4) M. Thines et al. Mycol. Res. 113:532, 2009.

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First Report of Downy Mildew on Sweet Basil Caused By Peronospora belbahrii in India

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-03-21-0621-pdn ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sujata Singh Yadav ◽

Priyanka Suryavanshi ◽

Indrajeet Nishad ◽

Soumya Sinha

Keyword(s):

Downy Mildew ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Consensus Sequence ◽

Effective Control ◽

Broad Host Range ◽

Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽

Foliar Disease ◽

First Report ◽

Sweet Basil ◽

Initial Symptoms

Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.; Family Lamiaceae) is an annual aromatic and medicinal plant grown in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. In India, it is cultivated as a commercial crop on ~8,000 ha. Aerial plant parts and essential oil of sweet basil are used in pharmaceutical, perfumery, food industries and in different formulations of traditional Ayurvedic and Unani medicines (Shahrajabian et al. 2020). The leaves have the highest concentrations of secondary metabolites such as terpenes and phenylpropanoids which provide the distinctive aroma (Viuda-Martos et al. 2011). During October 2020, severe foliar disease was observed in experimental fields of sweet basil at Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP) in Lucknow, India. Initial symptoms included large, interveinal chlorotic lesions on the adaxial surface of the leaves and black sporulation on the abaxial surface. Within a few days, the abaxial side of leaves turned necrotic, and leaf senescence and defoliation occurred on plants with severe symptoms. Disease incidence was 20 to 30% of plants. The pathogen was characterized morphologically using a light microscope. Sporangiophores were hyaline, dichotomously branched, 186.9 to 423.07 × 6.85 to 9.06 µm and, branched 3 to 5 times with each branch, terminating in two slightly curved branchlets, the longer one 7.05 to 25.31 µm and the shorter one 4.98 to 15.92 µm. Each branchlet had a single sporangium at the tip. Conidia were ellipsoidal to sub-globose, olive-brown in color, and typically measured 25.21 to 33.86 × 17.92 to 26.24 µm, each, without a pedicel. Based on these morphological characteristics, the foliar disease was identified as downy mildew was caused by Peronospora belbahrii (Thines et al. 2009). Eight symptomatic and two asymptomatic plant samples were collected from different locations in the field, and genomic DNA was extracted from the conidia of the eight naturally infected tissues of sweet basil samples as well as leaf tissues from two asymptomatic plants, using the CTAB method. The internal transcribed spacer region was amplified using ITS1 and ITS4 primers. Only eight infected samples amplified products of expected size (~ 700 bp) and two asymptomatic samples showed no amplification. Only five amplified PCR products were sequenced (White et al. 1990). All five sequences were identical and were a 98.1% match with five P. belbahrii isolates (MN450330.1, MN308051.1, MH620351.1, KJ960193, and MF693898). The consensus sequence was deposited into the NCBI database (GenBank Accession No. MW689257). Downy mildew caused by P. belbahrii previously has been reported on sweet basil from several countries (Wyenandt et al. 2015). To confirm the pathogenicity of these isolates on sweet basil (cv. CIM-Saumya), 25 - day-old sweet basil plants were sprayed with a suspension (1 × 105 sporangia/ml) of P. belbahrii. All plants were kept in a growth chamber with a 23/18°C diurnal cycle with 65 to 85% relative humidity for 24 h. Non-inoculated plants treated with sterile water served as a control treatment. After 8 days, typical symptoms of downy mildew appeared on all the inoculated plants while non-inoculated plants remained asymptomatic. Inoculated leaves with symptoms consistent of downy mildew were collected and the causal agent again identified as P. belbahrii on the basis of microscopic examination and ITS rDNA sequence data. To our knowledge, this is the first report of downy mildew caused by P. belbahrii on sweet basil in India. The pathogen has a broad host range and may pose a serious threat to the cultivation of this valuable crop in India. Thus, it is pertinent to develop effective control measures to avoid further spread and mitigate economic loss. References: Shahrajabian, M. H., et al. 2020. Int. J. Food Prop. 23:1961-1970. Wyenandt, C. A., et al. 2015. Phytopathology 105:885. Thines, M., et al. 2009. Mycol. Res. 113:532. White, T. J., et al. 1990. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Viuda-Martos, M., et al. 2011. Food Control. 22:1715.

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First Report of Gray Mold (Botrytis cinerea) on Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum var. pilosum) in northern Chile

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-04-15-0390-pdn ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 100 (2) ◽

pp. 520-520

Author(s):

G. Sepúlveda-Chavera ◽

W. Huanca-Mamani ◽

S. Cárdenas ◽

M. Arismendi ◽

F. Salinas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Gray Mold ◽

Ocimum Basilicum ◽

Northern Chile ◽

First Report ◽

Sweet Basil

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First Report of Downy Mildew Caused by a Peronospora Species on Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum) in Massachusetts

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-93-3-0318b ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 93 (3) ◽

pp. 318-318 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

R. L. Wick ◽

N. J. Brazee

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Downy Mildew ◽

Pcr Amplification ◽

Infected Leaf ◽

Its2 Region ◽

Academic Press ◽

First Report ◽

Sweet Basil ◽

Foliar Blight ◽

Leaf Tissues

In September of 2008, downy mildew was discovered to be causing a serious foliar blight of sweet basil at several farms and greenhouses in Massachusetts. Infected leaves had chlorotic vein-bounded patches and diffuse chlorosis, and a characteristic gray, fuzzy growth was on the abaxial surface. Microscopic observations revealed branched sporangiophores that measured 187.5 to 325 μm (average 285 μm) long. Sporangia measured 22.5 to 30 × 20 to 22.5 μm (average 26.7 × 20.9 μm). No oospores were found. Sporangium measurements are comparable to unnamed Peronospora species reported previously on basil from Italy, Switzerland, and South Africa (1,2). Sequence analyses were conducted on five isolates of ‘Nufar’ basil by extracting DNA from a sporangial suspension washed from leaves and infected leaf tissues using the Qiagen DNeasy plant tissue kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA). PCR amplification of the ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2 region was performed using primers ITS6 and ITS4 (3). The sequences of the five isolates were identical. BLAST analyses of the sequences revealed a 99% similarity to the unnamed Peronospora species on sweet basil in Europe and South Africa (1,2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of a Peronospora species on sweet basil in Massachusetts. References: (1) L. Belbahri et al. Mycol. Res. 109:1276, 2005. (2) A. McLeod et al. Plant Dis. 90:1115, 2006. (3) T. J. White et al. PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. M. A. Innis et al., eds. Academic Press, San Diego, 1990.

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First Report of Botrytis Blight Caused by Botrytis cinerea on Sweet Basil in Hungary

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-91-8-1052c ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 91 (8) ◽

pp. 1052-1052

Author(s):

G. Nagy

Keyword(s):

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Northern Region ◽

Conidial Suspension ◽

Large Area ◽

Field Surveys ◽

First Report ◽

Sweet Basil ◽

Potted Plants ◽

Plastic Bags ◽

Disease Occurrence

In Hungary, sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is an important medicinal and aromatic plant cultivated over a large area. During field surveys conducted in August and September of 2001 and 2002, significant blossom and leaf blight were observed in plant stands located near Budapest and in the northern region of Hungary at Herencsény. Incidence of disease occurrence ranged between 49 and 92%. Abundant grayish-brown mold consisting of mycelia and conidiophores was observed on necrotic flowers and upper leaves. The fungus was identified as Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr.. Conidia were one-celled, ovoid to elliptical, and measured 11.2 × 7.4 μm (7.5 to 15.0 × 5.0 to 10.0 μm). The fungus was isolated on Leonian malt media. In culture, small and large irregular sclerotia, as well as conidiophores, were produced abundantly. Size of large sclerotia ranged between 45 and 95 mm. Sclerotia were produced only in culture. Pathogenicity of two isolates originating from Herencsény was confirmed by spraying eight sweet basil potted plants with a conidial suspension (6.3 × 105 conidia/ml) made from a pure culture. Two noninoculated plants served as controls. Half of the plants were wounded with needles to make incisions on the leaves and flower axes prior to the inoculation, while the remaining plants were directly sprayed. After inoculation, plants were kept in plastic bags in a greenhouse to maintain 90 to 100% relative humidity at 15 to 40°C. After 5 days, water-soaked chlorotic lesions appeared on the wounded leaves of the inoculated plants. After day 12, brown necrosis developed on the flowers of all inoculated plants. Flower axes often broke. Sporulation of the fungus was abundant. Wounding contributed to earlier appearance of the symptoms and more intensive disease development. To our knowledge, this is the first report of botrytis blight on sweet basil in Hungary. In Europe, the disease has been observed in Italy (1) and Greece (2). References: (1) A. Garibaldi et al. Plant Dis. 81:124, 1997. (2) C. D. Holevas et al. Benaki Phytopathol. Inst. Kiphissia, Athens 19:1, 2000.

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First Report of Basil Leaf Spot Caused by Pseudomonas cichorii in Louisiana and Cultivar Screening Results

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.1998.82.11.1283d ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 82 (11) ◽

pp. 1283-1283 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

G. E. Holcomb ◽

P. J. Cox

Keyword(s):

Leaf Spot ◽

Screening Tests ◽

Minor Importance ◽

Bacterial Cells ◽

Bacterial Leaf Spot ◽

Pseudomonas Cichorii ◽

First Report ◽

Sweet Basil ◽

Leaf Spots ◽

Cultivar Screening

A leaf spot of basil, Ocimum basilicum L., was observed on container-grown and field plantings of cultivars Aussie Sweet and Sweet Basil. The disease was of minor importance under field conditions, but was of potential economic importance in seedling production. Gray to black, watersoaked, necrotic spots commonly developed at leaf margins. Large numbers of bacteria were released from cut lesions when viewed by light microscopy. Single colony bacterial isolates were established on nutrient dextrose agar (NDA) and yeast extract-dextrose-calcium carbonate agar (YDC). Pathogencity tests were performed by misting a water suspension containing 104 bacterial cells per ml on healthy basil plants. Plants were held for 24 h in a dew chamber at 26°C and then moved to a greenhouse for observation. Typical leaf spots developed on inoculated plants in 2 days, but not on healthy control plants, and the bacterium was reisolated. The bacterium was characterized as a gram-negative, motile rod, negative for potato rot test, positive in tobacco hypersensitivity test, and oxidase positive. Isolates were identified as Pseudomonas cichorii according to the Biolog Microplate system (similarities ranged from 0.937 to 0.995). Screening tests were conducted by inoculating 15 basil cultivars, six replicates each, and rating them for disease severity based on a scale of 1 to 5 in which 1 = no disease and 5 = dead plants. Cultivars most resistant to bacterial leaf spot (ratings in parentheses are averages of two tests and those followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to Tukey's Studentized Range Test, P = 0.05) were Green Bouquet (2.0 a), Piccolo (2.2 a), Mrs. Burn's Lemon (2.2 a), Genovese (2.4 a), and Dark Opal (2.5 ab). Moderately susceptible cultivars were Bush Green (2.8 abc), Sweet Basil (2.8 abc), Large Green (2.9 abcd), Lemon (3.1 abcd), and Mexican Spice (3.6 bcd). The most susceptible cultivars were Lettuce Leaved (3.8 cd), Thai (3.8 cd), Napoletano (4.0 de), Green Ruffles (5.0 e), and Purple Ruffles (5.0 e). Bacterial leaf spot of basil caused by P. cichorii was first reported in the U.S. from Florida (1). Other bacterial diseases reported on basil include leaf blight from Egypt caused by P. syringae (2) and leaf necrosis from California caused by P. viridiflava (3). This is the first report on the occurrence of basil bacterial leaf spot in Louisiana and the first reported information on cultivar susceptibility. References: (1) S. M. Burgess et al. Proc. Fla. State Hortic. Soc. 99:249, 1986. (2) S. A. M. El-Sadek et al. Assiut J. Agric. Sci. 22:2, 1991. (3) E. L. Little et al. Plant Dis. 78:831, 1994.

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