HIV-1 p24 antigen testing in blood banks: results from Saudi Arabia

We have engineered streptavidin-labeled fluorescent gold nanoclusters to develop a gold nanocluster immunoassay (GNCIA) for the early and sensitive detection of HIV infection. We performed computational simulations on the mechanism of interaction between the nanoclusters and the streptavidin protein via in silico studies and showed that gold nanoclusters enhance the binding to the protein, by enhancing interaction between the Au atoms and the specific active site residues, compared to other metal nanoclusters. We also evaluated the role of glutathione conjugation in binding to gold nanoclusters with streptavidin. As proof of concept, GNCIA achieved a sensitivity limit of detection of HIV-1 p24 antigen in clinical specimens of 5 pg/ml, with a detection range up to1000 pg/ml in a linear dose-dependent manner. GNCIA demonstrated a threefold higher sensitivity and specificity compared to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of HIV p24 antigen. The specificity of the immunoassay was 100% when tested with plasma samples negative for HIV-1 p24 antigen and positive for viruses such as hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and dengue. GNCIA could be developed into a universal labeling technology using the relevant capture and detector antibodies for the specific detection of antigens of various pathogens in the future.

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Cross-Subtype Detection of HIV-1 Capsid p24 Antigen Using a Sensitive Europium Nanoparticle Assay

AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses ◽

10.1089/aid.2018.0163 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 35 (4) ◽

pp. 396-401 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mohan Kumar Haleyur Giri Setty ◽

Aditya Kurdekar ◽

Prerna Mahtani ◽

Jikun Liu ◽

Indira K. Hewlett

Keyword(s):

P24 Antigen ◽

Hiv 1

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Myeloma-Associated Paraprotein Directed against the HIV-1 p24 Antigen in an HIV-1-Seropositive Patient

New England Journal of Medicine ◽

10.1056/nejm199306243282505 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 328 (25) ◽

pp. 1817-1819 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

Robert J. Konrad ◽

Larry J. Kricka ◽

David Goodman ◽

June Goldman ◽

Leslie Silberstein

Keyword(s):

Seropositive Patient ◽

P24 Antigen ◽

Hiv 1

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Early Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Specific B-Lymphocyte-Derived Antibodies in a High-Risk Population

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology ◽

10.1128/cvi.00280-08 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 16 (7) ◽

pp. 1060-1065 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Odd Odinsen ◽

David Parker ◽

Frans Radebe ◽

Mikey Guness ◽

David A Lewis

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Viral Load ◽

B Cell ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Hiv Antibodies ◽

P24 Antigen ◽

Anti Hiv ◽

Hiv 1

ABSTRACT Diagnosis of acute human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, a key driver of the HIV epidemic, remains a public health challenge. The PlasmAcute technology offers an opportunity to detect early anti-HIV antibody responses. B lymphocytes (B cells) were isolated from the blood of seronegative miners in South Africa by using the PlasmAcute method. B-cell lysates and paired sera were tested for anti-HIV-1 antibodies by two different enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays; immunoreactivity was confirmed by Western blotting. All volunteers were tested for HIV type 1 (HIV-1) viral load, p24 antigen, and CD4 count. Sera from HIV-seronegative men who had positive viral loads and were positive for p24 antigen were retested for anti-HIV antibodies after immune complex dissociation. Anti-HIV antibodies were detected in lysates from 16/259 subjects without immunoreactivity in paired sera. Four subjects, one of whom had a positive viral load initially, subsequently seroconverted. Six subjects showed transient anti-HIV-1 antibodies in the lysates and tested negative for all markers at the follow-up. Five subjects without follow-up data initially had lysate-positive/serum-negative samples, and these cases were classified as inconclusive. One subject had lysate antibodies and a detectable viral load but was seronegative at follow-up. In conclusion, lysate-derived anti-HIV-1 B-cell antibodies can be detected prior to seroconversion and earlier than or contemporary with HIV-1 RNA detection.

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SENSITIVITY, SPECIFICITY, AND PREDICTIVE VALUE OF PHYSICAL EXAMINATION, CULTURE, AND OTHER LABORATORY STUDIES IN THE DIAGNOSIS DURING EARLY INFANCY OF VERTICALLY ACQUIRED HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.94.2.274a ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 94 (2) ◽

pp. 274-275

Author(s):

Susan E. Pacheco ◽

William T. Shearer

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trials ◽

Physical Examination ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Laboratory Studies ◽

Diagnostic Laboratory ◽

Predictive Values ◽

P24 Antigen ◽

Aids Clinical Trials ◽

Sensitivity Specificity ◽

Hiv 1

Purpose of the Study. To determine the HIV vertical transmission rate in an unselected group of infants born to HIV-infected mothers, and to examine the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of physical examination and diagnostic laboratory studies (HIV culture, serum quantitative immunoglobulins and HIV-1 p24 antigen) in the diagnosis of HIV infection. Study Population. A group of 142 infants referred solely because they were born to HIV-infected mothers were selected for this study. Methods. Epidemiological and clinical data were obtained retrospectively from the Baylor Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group HIV Infection Registry and medical records. The information recorded included results of physical examination and diagnostic laboratory tests (HIV culture, serum quantitative immunoglobulins, and HIV-1 p24 antigen). HIV cultures were performed according to a consensus protocol developed for the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases AIDS Clinical Trials Group. Results. Of 142 infants whose HIV infection status was known at the time of the study, 17 (20%) had confirmed infection, and 68 (80%) had seroreverted with no evidence of infection. All HIV-infected infants were at least 3 months old when abnormal physical exam findings became apparent (lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly), but similar findings were noted in an equal number of HIV-uninfected infants. All infected infants available were HIV culture positive by 6 months of age (16/16). There was no positive cultures reported in the infants who seroreverted (32/32). Elevated immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM) were present by 6 months of age in a high percentage of infected infants. Nearly one-half of the uninfected infants had elevated immunoglobulin levels during the first 6 months of life, but in 50% of the cases it was IgG alone.

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Hyperbaric hyperoxia exposure in suppressing human immunodeficiencyvirus replication: An experimental in vitro in peripheral mononuclear blood cells culture

Infectious Disease Reports ◽

10.4081/idr.2020.8743 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Retno Budiarti ◽

Siti Qamariyah Khairunisa ◽

Nasronudin ◽

Kuntaman ◽

Guritno

Keyword(s):

Hiv Infection ◽

Healthy Volunteers ◽

Hyperbaric Oxygen ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Control Group ◽

P24 Antigen ◽

Hyperbaric Exposure ◽

Interferon Α2 ◽

Hiv 1

Cellular immune has an important role in response HIV infection, which is attack the infected cells to activate signaling molecule. Hyperbaric Oxygen (HBO) worked as complementary treatment for HIV infection. The production of ROS and RNS molecules during hyperbaric exposure can affect gene expression which contributes to cellular adaptative response. This study was conducted to explore the mechanisms of cellular adaptive response to HIV infection during hyperbaric exposure. This study was carried on in vitro using healthy volunteers’ PBMCs (Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells) cultures infected with HIV-1. The study was conducted as a post- test only group design. The experimental unit was PBMC from venous blood of healthy volunteers which were cultured in vitro and infected by co-culturing with HIV-1 in MT4 cell line. The experimental unit consist of treatment and control group. Each group examined the expression of transcription factor NFκB, Interferon α, reverse transcriptase inhibitors (p21), and the amount of HIV-1 p24 antigen. There were increasingly significant differences in the expression of the trancription factor of NFκB, p21, and HIV-1 p24 antigen,as well as mRNA transcription of interferon α2 between treatment and controlgroup. By decreasing p24 antigen showed that HBO exposure was able to suppress HIV-1 replication. The exposure to hyperbaric oxygen at the pressure of 2.4 ATAand 98% oxygen wasable to produce ROS and RNS molecules, which play a role in cellular adaptive responses through increasing the expression of nfĸb, p21 and mRNA of interferon α2 plays a role in inhibition mechanism of HIV-1 replication in cells.

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Impaired in vitro growth of purified (CD34+) hematopoietic progenitors in human immunodeficiency virus-1 seropositive thrombocytopenic individuals

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v79.10.2680.2680 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 79 (10) ◽

pp. 2680-2687 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

G Zauli ◽

MC Re ◽

B Davis ◽

L Sen ◽

G Visani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Liquid Culture ◽

Cell Number ◽

Hematopoietic Stem ◽

Cd34 Cells ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

P24 Antigen ◽

Hiv 1

Abstract In this report the role played by human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) in the pathogenesis of HIV-1-related thrombocytopenia was investigated. CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells were purified from the bone marrow (BM) of HIV-1(+) thrombocytopenic patients, HIV- 1(+) nonthrombocytopenic individuals, HIV-1(-) patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura, and HIV-1(-) normal donors. CD34+ cells from HIV-1(+) thrombocytopenic individuals alone showed a reduced capacity to give rise to megakaryocytic colonies (CFU-Meg) and also a progressive and significant decline in cell number when placed in liquid culture containing recombinant human interleukin-3 (rIL-3). This decline involved not only megakaryocyte but also erythroid and granulocyte/macrophage progenitors. The defects in megakaryocyte colony formation and CD34+ cell growth did not result from a productive HIV-1 infection of CD34+ cells. Moreover, HIV-1 DNA was absent from CD34+ cells in 10 of 12 thrombocytopenic patients examined. On the other hand, the decreased survival/proliferation of CD34+ cells in liquid culture, within the HIV-1(+) thrombocytopenic patients, was correlated with the presence of HIV-1 p24 antigen in BM plasma. These results demonstrate an impairment of CD34+ cells in HIV-1(+) individuals presenting thrombocytopenia as the only hematologic manifestation. Furthermore, these findings suggest that increased viral replication in the BM microenvironment may cause this impairment and possibly contributes to HIV-induced thrombocytopenia.

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Impact of HMGB1/TLR Ligand Complexes on HIV-1 Replication: Possible Role for Flagellin during HIV-1 Infection

International Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1155/2012/263836 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Piotr Nowak ◽

Samir Abdurahman ◽

Annica Lindkvist ◽

Marius Troseid ◽

Anders Sönnerborg

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Cpg Odn ◽

Cell Necrosis ◽

Adaptive Immune ◽

Microbial Product ◽

P24 Antigen ◽

Culture Supernatants ◽

Hiv 1

Objective. We hypothesized that HMGB1 in complex with bacterial components, such as flagellin, CpG-ODN, and LPS, promotes HIV-1 replication. Furthermore, we studied the levels of antiflagellin antibodies during HIV-1-infection.Methods. Chronically HIV-1-infected U1 cells were stimulated with necrotic extract/recombinant HMGB1 in complex with TLR ligands or alone. HIV-1 replication was estimated by p24 antigen in culture supernatants 48–72 hours after stimulation. The presence of systemic anti-flagellin IgG was determined in 51 HIV-1-infected patients and 19 controls by immunoblotting or in-house ELISA.Results. Flagellin, LPS, and CpG-ODN induced stronger HIV-1 replication when incubated together with necrotic extract or recombinant HMGB1 than activation by any of the compounds alone. Moreover, the stimulatory effect of necrotic extract was inhibited by depletion of HMGB1. Elevated levels of anti-flagellin antibodies were present in plasma from HIV-1-infected patients and significantly decreased during 2 years of antiretroviral therapy.Conclusions. Our findings implicate a possible role of HGMB1-bacterial complexes, as a consequence of microbial translocation and cell necrosis, for immune activation in HIV-1 pathogenesis. We propose that flagellin is an important microbial product, that modulates viral replication and induces adaptive immune responsesin vivo.

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