The effect of biased and non-biased information on judgments of witness credibility

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guri Bollingmo ◽  
Ellen Wessel ◽  
Yvonne Sandvold ◽  
Dag Erik Eilertsen ◽  
Svein Magnussen
2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-74
Author(s):  
Klaus Moser ◽  
Hans-Georg Wolff ◽  
Roman Soucek

Abstract. Escalation of commitment occurs when a course of action is continued despite repeated drawbacks (e.g., maintaining an employment relationship despite severe performance problems). We analyze process accountability (PA) as a de-escalation technique that helps to discontinue a failing course of action and show how time moderates both the behavioral and cognitive processes involved: (1) Because sound decisions should be based on (hopefully unbiased) information search, which requires time to gather, the effect of PA on de-escalation increases over time. (2) Because continuing information search creates behavioral commitment, the debiasing effect of PA on information search diminishes over time. (3) Consistent with the tunnel vision notion, the effects of less biased information search on de-escalation decrease over time.


2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 349
Author(s):  
J.C. González-Hidalgo

During the last three decades two new paradigms have emerged. The first one in the called “Climate Change”, and the second, that could be named scientific-social paradigm, and referred to the previous, is the consensus that climate change has been produced by human emissions.In this paper, after a brief presentation of the first paradigm following the main conclusions of IPCC, the author reviews the main documents from which the second one has been stated. It is not the aim of this paper to argue or discuss the climate change and its attribution, but how the consensus has been achieved, because the consensus on the attribution of climate change is apparent, since it cannot be concluded from the aforementioned text.The review of the most well-known and quoted papers in scientific, political, cultural, and mass media, shows that 97% magnitude of consensus is not related to the original data, it has been calculated from partial slanted and biased information, and is referred to the opinion of a small number of people. With caution, the most real agreement from the data published until present should be approximately 50%.Temperature has risen from the beginning of surface observations, but there is not necessary any consensus to support this empirical fact. Meanwhile, to attribute that greenhouse gases emission is the most relevant factor based on majority or authority principles is not scientifically correct, because no one polling has been proof of true.


2015 ◽  
Vol 138 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse Austin-Breneman ◽  
Bo Yang Yu ◽  
Maria C. Yang

During the early stage design of large-scale engineering systems, design teams are challenged to balance a complex set of considerations. The established structured approaches for optimizing complex system designs offer strategies for achieving optimal solutions, but in practice suboptimal system-level results are often reached due to factors such as satisficing, ill-defined problems, or other project constraints. Twelve subsystem and system-level practitioners at a large aerospace organization were interviewed to understand the ways in which they integrate subsystems in their own work. Responses showed subsystem team members often presented conservative, worst-case scenarios to other subsystems when negotiating a tradeoff as a way of hedging against their own future needs. This practice of biased information passing, referred to informally by the practitioners as adding “margins,” is modeled in this paper with a series of optimization simulations. Three “bias” conditions were tested: no bias, a constant bias, and a bias which decreases with time. Results from the simulations show that biased information passing negatively affects both the number of iterations needed and the Pareto optimality of system-level solutions. Results are also compared to the interview responses and highlight several themes with respect to complex system design practice.


2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley L. Brodsky ◽  
Michael P. Griffin ◽  
Robert J. Cramer

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